Writing the Manuscript Activity

PREPARED BY
PROF. ODYSSA NATIVIDAD R.M. MOLO
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

TASK 1:
 Background of the Study

States the rationale of the study.

 what the sample & products are all about
 Brief/general statements/interesting details on the
sample/desired product.
It explains briefly why the investigator chose
this study to work on.
 information on why this sample & why this product/output
 Usually the Last paragraph
Minimum: 3 paragraph
 Background of the Study

Example:
 Paper, …., is... Common components of paper are plant
materials which are rich source of fibers like papaya and the
like.
 Papaya, Scientific name, is …..
 The researchers decided to employ papaya as an ingredient in
papermaking because….
 Statement of the Problem

 The nature and scope of the problem should be presented with

clarity
Main Problem: general concern/problem of the
study (declarative form) (1 sentence only)
Specific Problem: the concerns/problems to be
undertaken to solve the main problem (question
form)
 Note: Variables/characteristics of sample for
experimentation/evaluation must be specified in Specific
Problem like color, odor, etc
 Statement of the Problem

Example:
This study aims to develop a paper from papaya leaves
using the standard paper making process. It seeks to
answer the following questions:
1. What are the characteristics of the different samples of
paper from papaya in terms of:
a) Color;
b) Odor;
c) Texture;
d) Breaking strength?
 Statement of the Problem

2. Which sample is most acceptable?

3. Is there a significant difference among the
different samples of paper with papaya in terms of:
a) color;
b) odor;
c) texture;
d) breaking strength;
e) acceptability?
 Objectives of the Study

Objectives: states in declarative form what must be

done to achieve the solutions of the problems raised
in the study. Contains measurable action verb. Two
types of objective maybe stated: general & specific
General Objectives: related to the problem as given
in the statement of the problem.
Specific objective: states the purpose of each
experiment conducted
 Objectives of the Study

Example:
The purpose of this study is to develop a paper from papaya
leaves with acceptable characteristics using standard paper
making materials and process.
 Hypotheses of the Study

A hypothesis is an intelligent testable guess of the

researcher on the possible outcome of the study.
Every problem must have hypothesis. (when
applicable, because some are hypothesis free)
Can either be accepted or rejected depending upon
the results of the experiment.
 Hypotheses of the Study

Example:
Problem 1 is Hypothesis free (description)
1. Sample A is most acceptable.
2. There is no significant difference among the different
samples of paper from papaya leaves.
 Significance of the Study

The importance of the study is explained in this part.

Includes who will benefit from the results of the
study and what benefit can they get.
Be more specific on who can benefit & how they will
benefit.
 Significance of the Study

Example:
This study will be useful in finding
alternative sources to develop paper.
For the paper industry,….
For the students,…
For the economy,…
Scope and Delimitation of the Study

States the coverage and extent of the study. Includes

the samples, variables studied, methods used,
location of experimentation, and inclusive dates of
study.
Include aspects on the product evaluation: what
method used for sampling, instruments in data
gathering, how many evaluators.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Example:
This study is limited to the development of
three samples of paper with papaya leaves of
different proportion using standard paper making
procedure at the researchers house for the school
year 2009-2010. Sensory evaluation on color,
odor, texture and acceptability was performed by
randomly selected thirty fourth year IDS students
using the Score Card and Hedonic Scale. Breaking
strength was also identified by standard procedure
in the laboratory of IDS.
 Definition of Terms

explain or define important terms as used in the

study (operational definition)
arrange alphabetically
Terms/properties under study must be defined (such
as color, odor texture, breaking strength, etc)
terms should be bold, first letter uppercase
definition should be in separate column
 Definition of Terms

Example:
Color the color of the paper;
preferably dirty white

Crude extract the extract removed by

pounding & straining from
papaya leaf
Chapter iii: methodology

TASK 2:
 [For Basic research categories: (those that don’t
need evaluation, not product development)]

A. Research Design
B. Materials & Equipment
C. General Procedure
D. Instrument Used in Data Gathering
E. Statistical Tool
Flowchart
 For Applied research categories: (those that
incorporate product development)

A. Research Design
B. Materials & Equipment
C. General Procedure
D. Product Development
E. Experimental Set-up
F. Sampling Design
G. Instrument Used in Data Gathering
H. Product Evaluation
I. Statistical Tool
Flowchart
 Research Design

Pure:
 Brief description of how research will be performed
Applied
 Brief description of how research will be performed
 Must be trial and error until an acceptable product is made
then subjected to evaluation
 Research Design

Example:
The research employs experimental research
design where papaya leaves were the material used
to developed handmade paper. Trial and error were
done to arrive to an acceptable product. Three
samples were prepared and evaluated using a Score
Card and Hedonic Scale by a panel of teachers and
students that are randomly picked.
 Materials and Equipment

Quantity of materials should be specified

Alphabetically arranged; bullet-form
Individual purpose need not be specified
If laboratory chemicals are used, separate from
materials & equipments.
Dimensions of specifically-built equipments
used in the study must be described and the
description accompanied by a picture (placed in
Appendix)
 Materials and Equipment

Materials and Equipment

 3 pcs 1-L beaker - 8”x13” mold & deckle
 1 pc clay pot - stove
 1 pc wooden ladle - weighing scale

Chemicals/Ingredients
 1 kg All-purpose flour
 1 kg sambong leaves
 300 g sodium bicarbonate
 General Procedure

Contains the general/standard procedure on how the

experiment was conducted.
Purpose of chemicals/materials used should be
specified.
Paragraph form
Includes preparation of solutions, reagents
 General Procedure

Includes the following in the same sequence (when

applicable): (subtopic titles must not be in outline
form; only bold letters)
Preparation of Solutions/Reagents
Sample Collection/Preparation
Laboratory Tests/Experimentation

Flour Making
Chocolate Cookie Making
 Product Development

Describes the trials conducted in preparing or

improving the product or any deviation made/done
from the standard procedure
Example:
Trials were conducted after each trial to achieve a
desired product. The research teacher evaluated the
product, gave suggestions for the improvement and
enhancement of the product of the research until an
acceptable product was made ready for evaluation.
 Product Development

Example:
The standard procedure for making was
followed with a deviation on the bleaching process
since some samples were bleached while others
not. The amount of papaya leaf extract were varied
several times in Trials 1 and 2 until a satisfactory
paper output was developed. Trial 3 was then
performed with the necessary adjustments from
previous attempts finally producing three samples
with different proportion of waste and papaya
leaves.
 Experimental Set-up

Contains a summary of samples’

ingredients/components and their corresponding
quantity
Minimum of three (3) final samples:
In an organized tabular form
Do not forget to label this as table! (assign table
number & title)
 Experimental Set-up

Ingredients/Components Sample A Sample B Sample C

Commercial flour 1 cup 0 cup 2 cup

Experimental gabi flour 1 cup 2 cups 0 cup

Sugar 1 cup 1 cup 1 cup

Water 3 cups 3 cups 3 cups

Milk 1 cup 1 cup 1 cup

Egg 2 pcs 2 pcs 2 pcs

Baking powder 2 tsp 2 tsp 2 tsp

 Sampling Design

How the panel of evaluator’s are selected

Explain in details how the selected type of sampling
is specifically employed
Mention who the population is & how many sample
will be selected
Minimum of thirty (30) evaluators
 (at least 5 teachers/adults for the preliminary product
evaluation; before actual product evaluation is done)
 Sampling Design

Example:
The researchers used the Simple Random
Sampling by using the Fishbowl Technique to
choose the panel of observers and evaluators
among all Fourth year students of IDS. The
names of all the Fourth Year students were
written on a piece of paper, rolled and placed in
a bowl and Thirty names were drawn; listed on
a paper and formally approached to evaluate
the researchers product.
 Instrument Used in Data Gathering

Tools (standard) used in obtaining data from the

experimentation process
Example:
 Frequency count - Mortality rate
 Score Card - Hedonic Scale
Note: If score card is employed, criteria for each characteristic
should be suitable/appropriate for product evaluation.
Sample
 Product Evaluation

Describes in details how the evaluation is done.

Minimum of 30 evaluators
 (at least 5 teachers/adults for the preliminary product
evaluation; before actual product evaluation is done)
Individual score sheet should be provided to each
evaluator.
 Product Evaluation

Example:
The chosen evaluators were grouped inside a
classroom provided with the Score Card for the
sensory evaluation, Hedonic Scale for the general
acceptability and all samples for evaluation. Each
evaluators were then instructed to perform sensory
evaluation on color, odor and texture to all samples
of paper from papaya leaves. They were also asked to
rate the product on its overall activity and
encouraged to write comments and suggestions for
the improvement of the product.
 Statistical Tools for Data Analysis

Includes tools for data organization, measures of

central tendency, measures of variability, statistical
test, and the like.
Includes the scale in the interpretation of the
weighted mean of the results from the Score Card
& Hedonic Scale.
Example:
 weighted mean, average for each criteria
 for significant difference: f-test, t-test, ANOVA, Sign test,
Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Friedman Test
 Flowchart

Must be placed at the end of Chapter 3

Must be labeled Figure with corresponding figure #
& title
General statements must be placed inside the boxes,
not specific
Must be connected with arrows
Sample
Data Gathering, organization &
evaluation

TASK 3
 Data Gathering & Organization

Collect and record raw data in table form (this will be

included in the Appendix)
Apply necessary/appropriate descriptive statistics
 Example: tables, charts, graphs, measure of central tendency,
measures of variability
Sample
 Data Evaluation

Must employ inferential statistics to arrive to a valid

conclusion
Must always include significant difference test if
more than 1 sample
Choose appropriate test statistics
 Example: t-test, f-test, ANOVA, Kruskhal-Wallis, Friedman
test
Sample
 Sample Calculation

Must be shown in the Appendix

At least one sample calculation per equation
shown/used in the study
Must be properly labeled
Chapter iv: results & discussion

TASK 4
 Results

The data must be presented in full or these maybe

summarized in tables, pictures and graphs. Tables,
pictures or graphs should make the presentation of
the data more meaningful.
 Discussion

Results must be discussed descriptively

 Explain/infer/cite reasons for such result
The interpretation of the findings is discussed and
the significant features shown in tables, figures or
graphs are pointed out. Analysis of results must also
be included here.
Use graph for relationship when applicable
Sample
Chapter v: Conclusion &
Recommendation

TASK 5
 Summary

Brief discussion/overview on the whole study

Must contain:
 The sample
 The product
 The general methods used
 The overall result
 Conclusion

The general truth implied or illustrated by the results

should be clearly stated. The evidence based on the
results should be summarized for each statement.
Each question/problem or hypothesis must be
answered here.
Must be in paragraph form.
 Recommendation

Consists of suggestions on future actions such as a

new direction of research or further experiments to
be performed, practices that might be adapted or
discarded in order to attain certain goals or
objectives
Must be clear, concise and complete statements
Terminal Parts

TASK 6
 References

Instead of Bibliography, change to References

APA Style must be followed
Sample
 Appendices

Must be correctly, properly labeled & arranged

according to use in the study
Common contents:
 Pictures (5-10 pics; sample & materials, experimentation
process: development & evaluation, product)
 Sample Questionnaire/Score Sheet
 Raw Data Gathered (Experimentation, Evaluation)
 Result on Statistical Tests
 Statistics Table of Constant
 Sample Calculation
 Vitae
Chapter 2: RRL

TASK 7
 Related Literature

 Sufficient background information should be presented for

readers to understand and evaluate the results of the
present study. Only the most important studies and
theories written on the topic should be included.
 Topics that must be included:
 project to be studied (sample & product: history, benefits,
interesting facts)
 scientific concepts used in the study
 methods to be used
 Topics must be integrated in paragraph form not in
subtopic form.
 Related Study

updated/recent if possible
Copy/rephrase the abstract/summary of the related
studies you find
Last paragraph should explain how your current
study differs from the previous studies
 In-Text Citation

APA Style must be followed in citing references

When using APA format, follow the author-date
method of in-text citation. This means that the
author's last name and the year of publication for the
source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998),
and a complete reference should appear in the
reference list at the end of the paper.
Sample
Preliminary Pages

TASK 8
 Preliminary Pages

Follow the standard format for IDS

List of preliminary pages
 TITLE PAGE
 APPROVAL SHEET
 ABSTRACT
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT (be not confused with the spelling)
 DEDICATION
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
 LIST OF TABLES
 LIST OF FIGURES
 Title Page

 Title of Research
 Must be brief, simple and catchy
 Written in inverted pyramid form, all in uppercase except scientific
name.
 Scientific name should be italicized, enclosed in parenthesis and should
come immediately after the English term/local term
 The body to which the research is presented
 The course requiring the submission of the report
 Full name of the researcher/s (all in capital letters), first
name first
 Date of submission at the bottom of the page – month &
year
 Approval Sheet

 A certification of approval of the department to which the

research is presented. It contains the following
information:
 Title of the research
 Full name of researcher/s
 Names and signatures of the adviser, panel members and technical
consultant/scientist (if none; remove from the page. Their names
must be in capital letter with middle initials. First name first, then
middle initial then last name.
 Statement of acceptance
 Chairman’s full name and signature
 Principal’s full name and signature
 Abstract

Should consist of short, concise description of the

problems and its solution. It must be one page
only, double spaced with a maximum of 250
words/one page only. It must also state the
following:
 Purpose (what sample & for what product)
 Procedure used
 Overall results
 General conclusion
 Acknowledgment

Contains the names of people and agencies that

helped in the conduct of the work described.
Must be expressed in simple, sincere language and
written in third person.
Limited to one page only.
Initials in capital letters of the researcher will be
written at the bottom.
Never forget your panel members (Research 1 & 2)
 Dedication

names of persons the researcher/s wants to

dedicate his research
font style, size and formatting can be modified and
customized
Can have one page per researcher
 Table of Contents

 Lists the different parts of the whole report with the

corresponding page number of each part.
 The wording and grammar of the chapter title and section
heading must be consistent.
 Page numbers must be columned properly
 Table property can be used (2 columns, no border/lines)
 List of Tables

Made up of the captions of the table included by

the researcher in the report to provide substantial
evidence in his presentation. Includes the
following:
 Number of Table
 Exact caption or title
 Page in the research where the table is given
 List of Figures

Includes graphs, charts, pictures (except those

found in Appendices) and other illustrative
materials. Includes the following:
 Number of Figure
 Exact caption or title
 Page in the research where the figure/illustration is given
Printing the Manuscript

TASK 9
 Things to Remember

 Paper size: 8.5” x 11” (letter size)

 Margins: Left = 1.5”; Top, Bottom and Right = 1”
 Orientation must be portrait, however, for tables that contain many
column, orientation can be landscape and margins can be adjusted as
long as there is space for binding.
 Header and Footer = 0.5”
 Font size & font style: Size 12 ; Times New Roman or Arial
(or equivalent font style in Open Office)
 The same font style and size all throughout even chapter and section
titles. Chapter titles should all be uppercase and Subtopic titles cased
(first letter capitalized, succeeding letters, lowercase for each word).
 Spacing: All text are double spaced except in tables
 Things to Remember

 Tables and Figures

 Table Number is Hindu-Arabic Bold
 Table Title is written in title cased form & right after the table
number separated by a point. Both title & number are bold.
 Ex. Table 1. Data and Results of Experiment
 Table title spacing should be single spaced.
 Table itself is single spaced.
 Table should be center aligned on the page.
 The heading in the table should be title cased and bold
 Units of measurement should be written in the heading only.
 Things to Remember

Indention
 First line of each paragraph should be indented with 5
type spaces (ts) or 0.5” in the tab spaces.
Verbatimly (quoted paragraph)
 Indention must be 5 ts and lines single spaced
 Must be a separate paragraph.

 Spacing must be 1 double space apart from preceding and

succeeding paragraph.
 Things to Remember

 Pagination
 Small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, …) are used as page numbers in the
preliminary part while Hindu-Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, …) of the
same font style and size used in text are used as page numbers for the
main text and the reference section.
 Page numbers for preliminary should be positioned at the bottom of
the page (footer) aligned center.
 Page numbers for main body should be positioned at the top of page
(header) aligned right.
 Margin for footer and header must be 0.5”.
 Don’t indicate the page number of the first page of every
chapter.
 Page numbers should be set in the document not manually typed.
Things to Remember: Writing the Manuscript

1. Always use the passive voice whenever applicable the main text
of the manuscript.
2. Use future tense when the task is still to be done like in writing
proposal (Research I).
3. Use past tense consistently when describing completed steps or
procedures, and citing data of previous studies (for Research
II).
4. The use of present tense is applicable when discussing
permanent truth.
5. Numbers one (1) to nine (9) are written out in words. Other
numbers are written in figures. However, when anyone of these
numbers is used to start a sentence, it is written out in words.
Things to Remember: Writing the Manuscript

6. Fractions are also written out in words.

7. When numbers are written in words, the symbol percent is
spelled out. When numbers are written in figures, the symbol
percent is written in figure.
8. Avoid the use of abbreviation. If deem necessary to use
abbreviation be sure to spell out the meaning on its first use.
9. Punctuation marks
 Period – after a period ending as sentence, leave 2 ts in between it
and the beginning word of the next sentence.
 Commas, semicolons and colons – used between a series of words
of phrases, leave only one ts in between the series of words or
phrases.
6. Ensure to SPELL CHECK the manuscript.
SETTING SCHEDULE

TASK 10
 Requirements

Journal & Logbook

 Can be 1 book only (used back-to-back)
Poster (optional; for extra points only)
Invitation
 1 short bond paper (will be posted in ASC Bulletin)
Defense
Bound Copies
 Hard bound; 2 pcs: Library copy & SRD copy
 Schedule

Deadline of Grades: March 8, 2010

Defense:
Revision:
Bound Copies
 Things to Remember for the Defense

Individual score sheet of evaluators/respondents

should be shown to defense panel (if applicable).
During defense, students may use the overhead
projector (OHP) or multimedia projector but not
Manila paper or chalkboard during presentation.
For Research II, the researcher/s must show the
raw materials as well as the product/s (if
applicable) to the panel members. The researcher
must also show evidence/documentation of
experimentation process.
 Things to Remember for the Defense

 Topics/parts that must be presented:

 Background of the Study
 Statement of the Problem
 Hypothesis
 Scope and Delimitations of the Study
 Methodology (show flowchart only)
 Results (preferably in tabular/graphical form/pictures) & Discussion
 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
 Snacks should be served to panel members and research
teacher. Students may give something in return/token to
panel members and technical consultants as payment for
their service rendered.
End of Tasks

HAVE FUN!!!