Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
PREPARED BY
PROF. ODYSSA NATIVIDAD R.M. MOLO
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
TASK 1:
Background of the Study
Example:
Paper, …., is... Common components of paper are plant
materials which are rich source of fibers like papaya and the
like.
Papaya, Scientific name, is …..
The researchers decided to employ papaya as an ingredient in
papermaking because….
Statement of the Problem
Example:
This study aims to develop a paper from papaya leaves
using the standard paper making process. It seeks to
answer the following questions:
1. What are the characteristics of the different samples of
paper from papaya in terms of:
a) Color;
b) Odor;
c) Texture;
d) Breaking strength?
Statement of the Problem
Example:
The purpose of this study is to develop a paper from papaya
leaves with acceptable characteristics using standard paper
making materials and process.
Hypotheses of the Study
Example:
Problem 1 is Hypothesis free (description)
1. Sample A is most acceptable.
2. There is no significant difference among the different
samples of paper from papaya leaves.
Significance of the Study
Example:
This study will be useful in finding
alternative sources to develop paper.
For the paper industry,….
For the students,…
For the economy,…
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Example:
Color the color of the paper;
preferably dirty white
TASK 2:
[For Basic research categories: (those that don’t
need evaluation, not product development)]
A. Research Design
B. Materials & Equipment
C. General Procedure
D. Instrument Used in Data Gathering
E. Statistical Tool
Flowchart
For Applied research categories: (those that
incorporate product development)
A. Research Design
B. Materials & Equipment
C. General Procedure
D. Product Development
E. Experimental Set-up
F. Sampling Design
G. Instrument Used in Data Gathering
H. Product Evaluation
I. Statistical Tool
Flowchart
Research Design
Pure:
Brief description of how research will be performed
Applied
Brief description of how research will be performed
Must be trial and error until an acceptable product is made
then subjected to evaluation
Research Design
Example:
The research employs experimental research
design where papaya leaves were the material used
to developed handmade paper. Trial and error were
done to arrive to an acceptable product. Three
samples were prepared and evaluated using a Score
Card and Hedonic Scale by a panel of teachers and
students that are randomly picked.
Materials and Equipment
Chemicals/Ingredients
1 kg All-purpose flour
1 kg sambong leaves
300 g sodium bicarbonate
General Procedure
Flour Making
Chocolate Cookie Making
Product Development
Example:
The standard procedure for making was
followed with a deviation on the bleaching process
since some samples were bleached while others
not. The amount of papaya leaf extract were varied
several times in Trials 1 and 2 until a satisfactory
paper output was developed. Trial 3 was then
performed with the necessary adjustments from
previous attempts finally producing three samples
with different proportion of waste and papaya
leaves.
Experimental Set-up
Example:
The researchers used the Simple Random
Sampling by using the Fishbowl Technique to
choose the panel of observers and evaluators
among all Fourth year students of IDS. The
names of all the Fourth Year students were
written on a piece of paper, rolled and placed in
a bowl and Thirty names were drawn; listed on
a paper and formally approached to evaluate
the researchers product.
Instrument Used in Data Gathering
Example:
The chosen evaluators were grouped inside a
classroom provided with the Score Card for the
sensory evaluation, Hedonic Scale for the general
acceptability and all samples for evaluation. Each
evaluators were then instructed to perform sensory
evaluation on color, odor and texture to all samples
of paper from papaya leaves. They were also asked to
rate the product on its overall activity and
encouraged to write comments and suggestions for
the improvement of the product.
Statistical Tools for Data Analysis
TASK 3
Data Gathering & Organization
TASK 4
Results
TASK 5
Summary
TASK 6
References
TASK 7
Related Literature
updated/recent if possible
Copy/rephrase the abstract/summary of the related
studies you find
Last paragraph should explain how your current
study differs from the previous studies
In-Text Citation
TASK 8
Preliminary Pages
Title of Research
Must be brief, simple and catchy
Written in inverted pyramid form, all in uppercase except scientific
name.
Scientific name should be italicized, enclosed in parenthesis and should
come immediately after the English term/local term
The body to which the research is presented
The course requiring the submission of the report
Full name of the researcher/s (all in capital letters), first
name first
Date of submission at the bottom of the page – month &
year
Approval Sheet
TASK 9
Things to Remember
Indention
First line of each paragraph should be indented with 5
type spaces (ts) or 0.5” in the tab spaces.
Verbatimly (quoted paragraph)
Indention must be 5 ts and lines single spaced
Must be a separate paragraph.
Pagination
Small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, …) are used as page numbers in the
preliminary part while Hindu-Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, …) of the
same font style and size used in text are used as page numbers for the
main text and the reference section.
Page numbers for preliminary should be positioned at the bottom of
the page (footer) aligned center.
Page numbers for main body should be positioned at the top of page
(header) aligned right.
Margin for footer and header must be 0.5”.
Don’t indicate the page number of the first page of every
chapter.
Page numbers should be set in the document not manually typed.
Things to Remember: Writing the Manuscript
1. Always use the passive voice whenever applicable the main text
of the manuscript.
2. Use future tense when the task is still to be done like in writing
proposal (Research I).
3. Use past tense consistently when describing completed steps or
procedures, and citing data of previous studies (for Research
II).
4. The use of present tense is applicable when discussing
permanent truth.
5. Numbers one (1) to nine (9) are written out in words. Other
numbers are written in figures. However, when anyone of these
numbers is used to start a sentence, it is written out in words.
Things to Remember: Writing the Manuscript
TASK 10
Requirements
HAVE FUN!!!