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Littoral Forests

Location
Littoral Forests are found along
the
Andaman
and
Nicobar
Islands and the delta area of
the
Ganga
and
the
Brahmaputra. It consists mainly
of whistling pines, mangrove,
dates, palms, and bullet wood.
They have roots that consist of
soft tissue so that the plant can
breathe in the water.

Climate
The total rainfall is great, almost 80 in (200 cm) annually, and rain is
abundant in most months. A tendency toward dryness, typical of the
tropical wet-dry climates (which generally elsewhere lie at this same
latitude), is seen in the low rainfall of February, March, and April.
The temperature cycle has a range of only 9F (5C) because of the
moderating influence of the nearby ocean but this range is
conspicuously greater than that of the wet equatorial climate.
The warm, wet climates of trade-wind coasts support tropical rain
forest vegetation, somewhat similar to the equatorial rain forest.

Adaptations of Macrophytes :
How
They
Deal With
Mostly
Physical
Limitations

Water
is buoyant
-- Reduced
amount
of supportive
tissue
Reduced light : Leaves only a few cells thick

: Leaves are finely divided -- more surface


area per volume
CO2availability -- Diffusion slower than in air
: Assimilation of HCO3

: Lacunae

:Finely divided leaves

:Heterophylly-- plasticity of shape of plant -leaves are more


finely
divided as get lower CO2concentrations or temperature
Nutrient availability : Most uptake through roots

:Increased leaf length increases turbulent


flow; then can take
up nutrients through leaves
as well.
Many can reproduce vegetatively -- Turions (winter buds)
or rhizome sprouting
Produce secondary defense compounds to inhibit algae,
epiphytes, and grazers

Mangroves
Mangroves occur on Asia's
south coast, throughout
the Indian subcontinent, in
allsoutheast
Asiancountries, and on
islands in the Indian
Ocean,Arabian Sea,Bay of
Bengal,South China
Seaand the Pacific.
The mangal is particularly
prevalent in the deltas of
large Asian rivers.
TheSundarbansis the
largest mangrove forest in
the world located in the
Ganges river delta
inBangladeshand West
Bengal, India.

ThePichavaramMangrove
Forest near forest.
Major mangals live on
theAndaman and Nicobar
Islandsand theGulf of Kutchin
Gujarat. Other significant
mangals in India include the
Bhitarkanika Mangroves
andGodavari-Krishna
mangroves.
Chidambaram,South India, by
the Bay of Bengal, is the world's
second largest mangrove

Mangroves

Mangroves are woody, specialized types of trees of


the tropics that can live on the edge, where
rainforests meet oceans. Found on sheltered
coastlines and river deltas, they grow in brackish
wetlands between land and sea where other plants
can't grow. They protect the coastline and prevent
erosion by collecting sediment from the rivers and
streams and slowing down the flow of water.
Mangrove trees look as if they grow on stilts. The
stilts are their specialized aerial roots which hold
the trunk and leaves above the water line.
Mangrove forests are affected by the rising and
falling of the ocean's tides. The aerial roots and
tap roots can filter out the salt in the brackish
water they grow in. Support roots grow directly
into the mud to anchor the tree. Other roots snake
up and down with the upward loops rising above
the salt water level. Salt crystals taken up by the

Mountainous
Forests

Location
The Sino-Himalayan
mountain forests region
forms a big portion of the
mountain forests in India.
They cover the states of
Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh,
Uttrakhand, West Bengal,
Sikkim, Arunachal
Pradesh, Assam,
Meghalaya, Nagaland,
Manipur and Mizoram in
India.
It also found along the
Western Ghats, The
Vindhya and the Nilgiri
Hills.

Climate
In theHimalayan mountainsthe
temperature falls by 0.6C for
every 100m rise inaltitudeand
this gives rise to a variety of
climates from nearly tropical in
the
foothills
totundratype
above the snow line. One can
also observe sharp contrast
between temperatures of the
sunny and shady slopes, high
diurnal range of temperature,
inversion of temperature, and
variability of rainfall based on
altitude

Trees Found
The trees found in the
Mountainous Region are juniper,
magnolia, laurel, cinchona, wattle,
plum, chilgoza, ash celtic, oak, fir,
spruce, deodar, chestnut, walnut,
cedar, maple, birch, jamun, chir
and many more

MAGNOL
IA

JUNIPE

FIR

MAPL

Uses of Trees
Deodar :
It is a medium weight wood
very study in use and durable.
Mainly used for construction
work and railway sleepers.
Suitable for beams, floor boards,
ports, window frames, etc

DEOD
AR

CHI
R

Chir :
Wood is light reddish brown.
Largely used for making tea
chests, furniture, match
industry, etc
Yeilds resin and turpentine

Uses of Trees
Spruce:
Soft and white wood.
It is used for construction
work, railway sleepers,
cabinet making, packing
cases and wood pulp.
SPRUC
E

WALN
UT

Walnut:
Its wood is used for making
musical instruments.
Used extensively in Kashmir
and North India for carving.
Used for gun stocks.

Made By :
Sahil Bohra
Aditya Hemrajani
Kshitij
Parasrampuria
Sweta Senthil
Amanda Alphonso
Harsh Hemnani

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