Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Hamming
errors
Parity Checking
A simple form of error detection can be
accomplished by appending an extra bit
called a parity bit to the code On the
sending side, an encoder adds an extra bit,
called a parity bit, to each byte before
transmission
A receiver uses parity bit to check whether
bits in the byte are correct
Figure 4.1
Line coding
Four combinations
(to p9)
18
(to p2)
19
Figure 4.2
data level
Figure 4.3
DC component
Figure 4.5
Note:
Unipolar encoding uses only
one voltage level.
Figure 4.6
Unipolar encoding
Note:
Polar encoding uses two
voltage levels (positive and
negative).
Figure 4.7
Note:
In NRZ-L the level of the
signal is dependent upon
the state of the bit.
Note:
In NRZ-I the signal is
inverted if a 1 is
encountered.
Figure 4.8
encoding
Polar - RZ
The Return to Zero (RZ) scheme uses
three voltage values. +, 0, -.
Each symbol has a transition in the
middle. Either from high to zero or from
low to zero.
This scheme has more signal transitions
(two per symbol) and therefore requires
a wider bandwidth.
4.30
Figure 4.9
RZ encoding
Note:
A good encoded digital
signal must contain a
provision for
synchronization.
Figure 4.10
Manchester encoding
Note:
In Manchester encoding,
the transition at the middle
of the bit is used for both
synchronization and bit
representation.
Note:
In differential Manchester
encoding, the transition at
the middle of the bit is used
only for synchronization.
The bit representation is
defined by the inversion or
noninversion at the
beginning of the bit.
Note:
In bipolar encoding, we use
three levels: positive, zero,
and negative.
Figure 4.12
102BLOCKCODING
10.39
10.40
10.41
Note
The Hamming distance between two words is the number of
differences between corresponding bits.
10.42
Example 10.4
10.43
Note
The minimum Hamming distance is the smallest Hamming distance
between
all possible pairs in a set of words.
10.44
103LINEARBLOCKCODES
10.45
Note
In a linear block code, the exclusive OR (XOR) of any two valid
codewords creates another valid codeword.
10.46
Sampling
Analog signal is sampled every TS secs.
Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or
sampling frequency.
There are 3 sampling methods:
Ideal - an impulse at each sampling instant
Natural - a pulse of short width with varying
amplitude
Flattop - sample and hold, like natural but
with single amplitude value
gure 4.22
4.48
Note
4.49