BADM

ASSIGNMENT

By:
Akash Sharma
Shubham S R
Naveen Agarwal
Chanchal Digwani
Ayushi jain

BUSINESS OBJECTIVE
To find the mileage in the city and
highway driving dependency on
various factors of a car and causes of
its variation.

ANALYSIS OBJECTIVE
Is there any effect of
transmission type on
fuel efficiency?

What is the impact of

displacement of
engine on fuel
efficiency?

How does the number

of cylinders in the
engine impact the fuel
consumption?

THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK

INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES
Type of Transmission: Transmissions can be divided into two
from the manual transmission and the automatic transmission.
Manual transmission being for the lighter vehicles and the
automatic transmission for the heavy vehicles. The lighter vehicles
are more fuel efficient and vise a versa. Thus type of transmission
forms an independent variable.
Displacement of engine in liters: Displacementis the volume
of air your engine can consume in a single revolution, and these
days its usually described in liters. For example, Car A has a 1.5liter four-cylinder engine. That means with every revolution of the
motor, the engine draws in and expels 1.5 liters of air. The more air
an engine moves, the more fuel it can consume with every turn.

CONTINUED..
No of cylinders in engine: With increase in the number
of the cylinders the friction increases which leads to loss of
energy which gets compensated through the energy
produced by the engine. Thus for same power output and
same operating conditions the engine with greater number
of cylinders will generate more power losses.
Displacement of engine in liters: Displacementis the
volume of air your engine can consume in a single
revolution, and these days its usually described in liters.
For example, Car A has a 1.5-liter four-cylinder engine.
That means with every revolution of the motor, the engine
draws in and expels 1.5 liters of air. The more air an engine
moves, the more fuel it can consume with every turn.

MODERATING
VARIABLES
Condition of Roads: Bumpy roads increase the
amount of resistance a vehicle experiences as it
travels down the road, similar to how driving into a
strong headwind requires additional fuel to maintain a
certain speed, though on a smaller scale. Increased
resistance translates to an increase in fuel
consumption. The level at which fuel efficiency is
affected is heavily tied to the condition of the roads, or
the pavement-vehicle interaction.
Drivers Rationale:
Speeding affects the fuel
consumption of the vehicles. Optimal fuel economy is
different at different speeds and decreases as the
speed increases.

EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS

UNIVARIATE ANALYSISHIGWAY MILEAGE

N

No of Cars in particular fuel rating- highway

Valid
Missing

Mean
Median
Mode
Std. Deviation

Frequency

Variance
Skewness
Std. Error of
Skewness
Kurtosis
Std. Error of Kurtosis
Minimum
Maximum

230
0
28.
96
28.
00
29
4.8
95
23.
963
1.7
32
.
160
4.9
40
.
320
20
51

UNIVARIATE ANALYSISCITY MILEAGE

No of cars in particular fuel rating-city

Valid
Missing

Mean
Median
Frequency

Mode
Std. Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Std. Error of Skewness
Kurtosis
Std. Error of Kurtosis
Minimum
Maximum

230
0
21.4
6
20.0
0
20
5.22
0
27.2
54
2.70
6
.160
10.6
69
.320
13
52

INTERPRETATION
A large no cars give a highway mileage of between
25-35.
And is overall skewed normal curve.
A large no cars of city mileage between 15-35
And is skewed towards the lower mileage range

UNIVARIATE ANALYSISTRANSMISSION
No. of vehicles based on transmission category

Frequency

UNIVARIATE ANALYSISCYLINDER
No. of cars in particular cylinder category

Frequency

Valid
Missing

Mean
Median
Mode
Std. Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Std. Error of
Skewness
Kurtosis
Std. Error of Kurtosis
Minimum
Maximum

230
0
5.50
6.00
6
1.38
2
1.91
0
.379
.160
-.87
8
.320
4
8

UNIVARIATE ANALYSISCAR TYPE

No of cars based on category
Bin

Frequency

COMPACT
CARS
LARGE
CARS
MIDSIZE
CARS

Freque
ncy

125
26
79

UNIVARIATE ANALYSISDISPLACEMENT
Statistics
Displacement
Valid
Missing
Mean
Median
Mode
Frequency

Std. Deviation
Skewness
Std. Error of Skewness
Kurtosis
Std. Error of Kurtosis
Range
Minimum
Maximum

230
0
2.862
174
2.750
000
3.000
0
.
86367
98
.620
.160
-.184
.320
3.700
0
1.300
0
5.000

INTERPRETATION
A large number of cars are run on the manual
transmission
Major number of cars are under the cylinder range of
5 to 6. And the data is normally distributed.
Majorly the cars come under the category of compact
cars.
The no of cars based on the displacement are skewed
towards right in the range of 2.4 to 5.4

BIVARIATE ANALYSISHYPOTHESIS
FORMULATION
Highway Mileage
Ho: There is no significant relationship between Mileage and Cylinder
displacement
H1: There is significant relationship between Mileage and Cylinder
displacement
Ho: There is no significant relationship between Mileage and cylinder
class
H1: There is significant relationship between Mileage and cylinder class
City Mileage
Ho: There is no significant relationship between Mileage and Cylinder
displacement
H1: There is significant relationship between Mileage and Cylinder
displacement

RESULTS
1. Pearson Chi-square= 1773.67, since the p value
<0.005, we can conclude that there is a significant
association between Highway mileage and
displacement oil engine. Thus reject Ho. Accept H1.
2. Pearson Chi-square= 1595, since the p value
<0.005, we can conclude that there is a significant
association between Highway mileage and Cylinder
class. Thus reject Ho. Accept H1.
3. Pearson Chi-square= 265.7, since the p value
<0.005, we can conclude that there is a significant
association between city mileage and displacement
of engine. Thus reject Ho. Accept H1.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

REGRESSION TABLE
FOR HIGHWAY MILEAGE
Coefficientsa

Standardi
zed
Coefficien
ts

Unstandardized Coefficients
Model
1

B
(Constant)
Cylindercla
ss
displ

Std. Error
39.746
.840

Beta

t
Sig.
47.327 .000

-1.884

.827

-.266 -2.277

.024

-2.619

.662

-.462 -3.956

.000

Model Summaryb

Model
R
1
.714a
a. Predictors: (Constant), displ, Cylinderclass
b. Dependent Variable: hwy

R Square

Std. Error
Adjusted R
of the
Square
Estimate
.510
.506
3.442

REGRESSION HIGHWAY
Highway Mileage= 39.746 (1.884 * Cylinder
Class) (2.619 * Displacement)
1. For every categorical increase in cylinder class,
there is decrease in mileage of car on Highway by
1.884.
2.For every unit increase in displacement of engine in
cars, there is decrease in 2.619 in mileage of cars on
highway.
3. R square = .510, which means 51% of the variation
in the per gallon mileage is explained by displacement
and cylinder class.
4.R-square adjusted = .506, which is very close to Rsquare implying a high degree of fitness of regression
model.

OBSERVED AND
PREDICTED VALUESHIGHWAY
Predicted vs Observed Values Highway Values

Predicted City Mileage

Linear (Predicted City Mileage )

Observed City Mileage

Linear (Observed City Mileage )

REGRESSION TABLE
FOR CITY MILEAGE
Coefficientsa

Standar
dized
Coeffici
ents

Model
1

(Constant)
displ

Unstandardized
Coefficients
Std.
B
Error
Beta
t
Sig.
33.414
.865
38.63 .000
9
-4.178
.289 -.691
- .000
14.44
0

Model Summaryb

Model
R
1
.691a
a. Predictors: (Constant), displ
b. Dependent Variable: cty

Std. Error
Adjusted of the
R Square
R Square Estimate
.478
.475
3.781

REGRESSION
INTERPRETATION- CITY
1. City Mileage= 33.414 (4.178 * Displacement)
2.For every unit increase in displacement of engine in
cars, there is decrease in 4.178 in mileage of cars on
city.
3. R square = .478, which means 47.8% of the
variation in the per gallon mileage is explained by
displacement and cylinder class.
4.R-square adjusted = .475, which is very close to Rsquare implying a high degree of fitness of regression
model.

OBSERVED AND
PREDICTED VALUESCITY
Predicted vs Observed Values City mileage

Predicted City Mileage

Linear (Predicted City Mileage )

Observed City Mileage

Linear (Observed City Mileage )

APPENDIX
Chi-Square Tests for City mileage vs displacement

Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases

Value
1773.674a
628.515
109.391
230

Asymp. Sig.
df
(2-sided)
696
.000
696
.968
1
.000

a. 749 cells (99.9%) have expected count less than 5.

The minimum expected count is .00.

APPENDIX
Chi-Square Tests for Highway vs displacement

Pearson Chi-Square

Value
1595.005a

Asymp. Sig.
df
(2-sided)
696
.000

Likelihood Ratio

615.420

696

.987

Linear-by-Linear
Association

114.187

.000

N of Valid Cases

230

a. 750 cells (100.0%) have expected count less

than 5. The minimum expected count is .00.

APPENDIX
Chi-Square Test for Highway vs cylinder class
Asymp. Sig.
Value
df
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
265.709a
48
.000
Likelihood Ratio
266.005
48
.000
Linear-by-Linear
109.012
1
.000
Association
N of Valid Cases
230

a. 58 cells (77.3%) have expected count less than 5.

The minimum expected count is .14.