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Disadvantages of 2G GSM
Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with
some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers.
GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is
imposed by technical limitations.
GSM900 at 900 MHz
124 carriers @ 2x25 MHz band
GSM1800 at 1800 MHz
375 carriers @ 2x75 MHz band
GSM1900 at 1900 MHz
300 carriers @ 2x60 MHz band
Uplinks/Downlinks & Reverse Forward
GSM allows for use of duplex operation. Each band has a frequency range
for the uplink (cell phone to tower) and a separate range for the downlink
(tower to the cell phone). The uplink is also known as the Reverse and the
downlink is also known as the Forward. In this tutorial, I will use the terms
uplink and downlink.
Numbering System (Identifiers)
Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN)
The MSISDN is the subscriber's phone number. It is the number that
another person would dial in order to reach the subscriber. The MSISDN is
composed of three parts:
Country Code (CC)
National Destination Code (NDC)
Subscriber Number (SN)
MSISDN
Country Code (CC) - This is the international dialing code for whichever
country the MS is registered to.
National Destination Code (NDC) - In GSM, an NDC is assigned to each
PLMN. In many cases, a PLMN may need more than one NDC.
Subscriber Number (SN) - This is a number assigned to the subscriber by
the service provider (PLMN).
The combination of the NDC and the SN is known as the National
(significant) Mobile Number. This number identifies a subscriber within
the GSM PLMN.
IMSI
Mobile Country Code (MCC) - This number identifies which country the
subscriber's network is in. It has 3 digits.
Mobile Network Code (MNC) - This number identifies the home GSM PLMN of
the subscriber. It has 2 or 3 digits. Some networks may have more than one MNC
allocated to it.
Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN) - This number uniquely
identifies a user within the home GSM network.
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
The IMEI uniquely identifies the Mobile Equipment itself. It is essentially a serial
number that is burned into the phone by the manufacturer. The IMEI is composed of
three parts:
Type Allocation Code (TAC) - 8 digits
Serial Number (SNR) - 6 digits
Spare (SP) - 1 digit
IMEI
Type Allocation Code (TAC) - This number uniquely identifies the model of a wireless
device. It is composed of 8 digits. Under the new system (as of April 2004), the first two
digits of a TAC are the Reporting Body Identifier of the GSMA approved group that
allocated this model type.
Serial Number (SNR) - This number is a manufacturer defined serial number for the
model of wireless device.
Spare (SP) This number is a check digit known as a Luhn Check Digit. It is omitted
during transmission within the GSM network.
On many devices the IMEI number can be retrieved by entering *#06#
International Mobile Equipment
Identity/Software Version (IMEISV)
This is a newer form of the IMEI that omits the Spare digit at the end and
adds a 2-digit Software Version Number (SVN) at the end. The SVN
identifies the software version that the wireless device is using. This results
in a 16-digit IMEI.
Type Allocation Code (TAC) - 8 digits
Serial Number (SNR) - 6 digits
Software Version Number (SVN) - 2 digits
IMEISV
Network Architecture
MOBILE STATION= MOBILE EQUIPMENT +
SIM
MOBILE EQUIPMENT :-
• PHYSICAL PHONE
•AVAILABLE IN
SINGLE,DOUBLE,TRIPLE AND
QUAD BANDS
•CONSIST OF IMEI NUMBER
GSM 900
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink):935-960 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 25 Mhz
GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink) 1805-1880 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 75 Mhz
GSM Specification
Carrier Separation : 200 Khz
No. of RF carriers : 124
Access Method : TDMA/FDMA
Modulation Method : GMSK
Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps
GSM-Frame Structure
Call Routing
• Call Originating from MS
• Call termination to MS
Outgoing Call
Short Message Center is the entity which does the job of store and forward of
messages to and from the mobile station.
SMS gateway MSC is a gateway MSC that can also receive short messages.
The gateway MSC is a mobile network’s point of contact with other networks.
On receiving the short message from the SMC, GMSC uses the SS7 network
to interrogate the current position of the mobile station form the HLR.
Visitor Location Register corresponds to each MSC and contains
temporary information about the mobile, information like mobile identification
and the cell (or a group of cells) where the mobile is currently situated. Using
information form the VLR the MSC is able to switch the information (short
message) to the corresponding BSS (Base Station System, BSC + BTSs),
which transmits the short message to the mobile.
This information is passed over the signaling channels so the mobile can
receive messages even if a voice or data call is going on.
Cellular Concepts
Cellular Systems--Cellular Concepts
The cellular concept was a major breakthrough in solving the problem of
spectral congestion and user capacity. It offered very high capacity in a
limited spectrum allocation without any major technological changes.
The cellular concept has the following system level ideas
Replacing a single, high power transmitter with many low power
transmitters, each providing coverage to only a small area.
Neighboring cells are assigned different groups of channels in order to
minimize interference.
The same set of channels is then reused at different geographical
locations.
Cellular Concepts
When designing a cellular mobile communication system, it is important to
provide good coverage and services in a high user-density area.
Reuse can be done once the total interference from all users in the cells
using the same frequency (co-channel cell) for transmission suffers from
sufficient attenuation. Factors need to be considered include:
Geographical separation (path loss)
Shadowing effect
Cell Footprint
The actual radio coverage of a cell is known as the cell footprint.
Irregular cell structure and irregular placing of the transmitter may be
acceptable in the initial system design. However as traffic grows, where
new cells and channels need to be added, it may lead to inability to
reuse frequencies because of co-channel interference.
For systematic cell planning, a regular shape is assumed for the
footprint.
Coverage contour should be circular. However it is impractical because
it provides ambiguous areas with either multiple or no coverage.
Due to economic reasons, the hexagon has been chosen due to its
maximum area coverage.
Hence, a conventional cellular layout is often defined by a uniform grid
of regular hexagons.
Cell Footprint
Frequency Reuse
Keep the cell radius but decrease the D/R ratio. In order to do this, we must
reduce the relative interference without increasing the transmit power.
Sectorization relies on antenna placement and directivity to reduce co-
channel interference. Beams are kept within either a 60° or a 120° sector.
System Expansion Techniques --Sectorization
System Expansion Techniques --Micro cells
Micro cells can be introduced to alleviate capacity problems caused by
“hotspots”.
By clever channel assignment, the reuse factor is unchanged. As for cell
splitting, there will occur interference problems when macro and micro
cells must co-exist.
System Expansion Techniques --Micro cells
Evolution of
Mobile
Communication
1G
1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone
technology, cellphones.
Uses digital signaling to connect the radio towers to the rest of the
telephone system .
Uses analog signaling to communicate between the speakers.
The voice is modulated to higher frequency, typically 150MHz and
up.
2G
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless
telephone technology.
Commercially launched on the GSM standard.
Three primary benefits of 2G networks :
1) Phone conversations were digitally encrypted.
2) More efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater
mobile phone penetration levels.
3) Introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS
text messages.
Advantages of 2G