Submitted By:

Gaurav Ghai (09020541067)

Keshie Singh (09020541070)
Ravi Somvanshi (09020541086)
Swapna Sagar (09020541101)
Vinay Acharya (09020541106)
Yogendra Singh Rathore (09020541114)
 INTRODUCTION
 GSM is an acronym that stands for Global System for Mobile
Communications. The original french acronym stands for Groupe Spécial
Mobile.
 It was originally developed in 1984 as a standard for a mobile telephone
system that could be used across Europe.
 GSM is now an international standard for mobile service. It offers high
mobility. Subscribers can easily roam worldwide and access any GSM
network.
 It also allowed for a more optimal allocation of the radio spectrum,
which therefore allows for a larger number of subscribers.
 GSM offers a number of services including voice communications, Short
Message Service (SMS), fax, voice mail, and other supplemental services
such as call forwarding and caller ID.
 GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the cellular
frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation of the GSM for
mobile phones. Currently there are several bands in use in GSM. 450
MHz, 850 MHZ, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz are the most
common ones.
 Some bands also have Extended GSM (EGSM) bands added to
them, increasing the amount of spectrum available for each band.
 GSM makes use of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
 Why GSM?

 Improved spectrum efficiency.

 International roaming.
 Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs).
 High-quality speech.
 Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
and other telephone company services.
 Support for new services.
 Advantages of 2G GSM
 GSM is mature; this maturity means a more stable network with robust
features.
 Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
 Ability to use repeaters.
 Talktime is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of
transmission.
 The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch
networks and handsets at will.
 GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not
a problem.

Disadvantages of 2G GSM
 Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with
some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers.
 GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is
imposed by technical limitations.
GSM900 at 900 MHz
124 carriers @ 2x25 MHz band
GSM1800 at 1800 MHz
375 carriers @ 2x75 MHz band
GSM1900 at 1900 MHz
300 carriers @ 2x60 MHz band
Uplinks/Downlinks & Reverse Forward
GSM allows for use of duplex operation. Each band has a frequency range
for the uplink (cell phone to tower) and a separate range for the downlink
(tower to the cell phone). The uplink is also known as the Reverse and the
downlink is also known as the Forward. In this tutorial, I will use the terms
uplink and downlink.
Numbering System (Identifiers)
Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN)
The MSISDN is the subscriber's phone number. It is the number that
another person would dial in order to reach the subscriber. The MSISDN is
composed of three parts:
Country Code (CC)
National Destination Code (NDC)
Subscriber Number (SN)

MSISDN

Country Code (CC) - This is the international dialing code for whichever
country the MS is registered to.
National Destination Code (NDC) - In GSM, an NDC is assigned to each
PLMN. In many cases, a PLMN may need more than one NDC.
Subscriber Number (SN) - This is a number assigned to the subscriber by
the service provider (PLMN).
The combination of the NDC and the SN is known as the National
(significant) Mobile Number. This number identifies a subscriber within
the GSM PLMN.

National (significant) Mobile Number

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
The IMSI is how the subscriber is identified to the network. It uniquely identifies
the subscriber within the GSM global network. The IMSI is burned into the SIM
card when the subscriber registers with PLMN service provider. The IMSI is
composed of three parts:
Mobile Country Code (MCC)
Mobile Network Code (MNC)
Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN)

IMSI
Mobile Country Code (MCC) - This number identifies which country the
subscriber's network is in. It has 3 digits.
Mobile Network Code (MNC) - This number identifies the home GSM PLMN of
the subscriber. It has 2 or 3 digits. Some networks may have more than one MNC
allocated to it.
Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN) - This number uniquely
identifies a user within the home GSM network.
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
The IMEI uniquely identifies the Mobile Equipment itself. It is essentially a serial
number that is burned into the phone by the manufacturer. The IMEI is composed of
three parts:
Type Allocation Code (TAC) - 8 digits
Serial Number (SNR) - 6 digits
Spare (SP) - 1 digit

IMEI
Type Allocation Code (TAC) - This number uniquely identifies the model of a wireless
device. It is composed of 8 digits. Under the new system (as of April 2004), the first two
digits of a TAC are the Reporting Body Identifier of the GSMA approved group that
allocated this model type.
Serial Number (SNR) - This number is a manufacturer defined serial number for the
model of wireless device.
Spare (SP) This number is a check digit known as a Luhn Check Digit. It is omitted
during transmission within the GSM network.
On many devices the IMEI number can be retrieved by entering *#06#
International Mobile Equipment
Identity/Software Version (IMEISV)
This is a newer form of the IMEI that omits the Spare digit at the end and
adds a 2-digit Software Version Number (SVN) at the end. The SVN
identifies the software version that the wireless device is using. This results
in a 16-digit IMEI.
Type Allocation Code (TAC) - 8 digits
Serial Number (SNR) - 6 digits
Software Version Number (SVN) - 2 digits

IMEISV
Network Architecture
 MOBILE STATION= MOBILE EQUIPMENT +
SIM
MOBILE EQUIPMENT :-
• PHYSICAL PHONE
•AVAILABLE IN
SINGLE,DOUBLE,TRIPLE AND
QUAD BANDS
•CONSIST OF IMEI NUMBER

SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE

(SIM):-
•SMART CARD CARRIES
SUBSCRIBER SPECIFIC
INFORMATION SUCH AS IMSI,
TMSI, Ki, SPN AND LAC
•STORES LAST DIALLED AND
RECEIVED NUMBERS (MSIDN)
•CAN BE EASILY REMOVED AND
USE IN OTHER MOBILE QUIPMENT
•CONTAINS PIN (4 DIGITS)AND PUK
(8 DIGITS)
BASE TANSRECIVER STATION (BTS)
 MOBILE STATION ACCESS
POINT TO NETWORK
 CONSIST OF ALL RADIO
EQUIPMENTS NECESSARY
FOR RADIO TRANSMISSION
 HANDLES SPEECH
ENCODING, ENCRYPTION,
MULTIPLEXING(TDMA) AND
MODULATION/DEMODULATI
ON OF RADIO SIGNALS
 CAPABLE OF FREQUENCY
HOPPING
 HAS A UNIQUE CELL
IDENTITY
BASE STATION CONTROLER(BSC)

 CONTROLS MULTIPLE BSCs

 HANDLES ALLOCATION OF
RADIO CHANNEL
 HANDLES HANDOVER
BETWEEN BTSs
 MEASURES THE SIGNAL
FROM MS
 MULTIPLEXES THE
CHANNELS
MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER(MSC)

 HEART OF GSM NETWORK

 HANDLES CALL ROUTING,

CALL SETUP

 HANDLES MULTIPLE BSCs

 HANDLES INTER BSCs

HANDOVERS
GATEWAY MOBOLE SWITCHING
CENTRE(GMSC)  FUNCTIONS AS GATEWAY BETWEEN
TWO NETWORKS
HOME LOCATION REGISTAR(HLR)
 IT IS A DATABASE THAT
PERMANENTLY STORES THE DATA
ABOUT SUBSCRIBER
 MAINTAIN RECORDS SUCH AS
MSIDN, IMSI, CURRENT LOCATION
OF MS, RAOMING RESTRICTIONS
VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER(VLR)
 DATABSE CONTAINS SUBSET OF
INFORMATION LOCATED ON HLR
 EVERY LOCATION AREA CONTAINS
ONE VLR
 REDUCES THE OVERALL NUMBER OF
QUERIES TO HLR
 IDENTIFIES LOCAL AREA CODE
 ASSIGNS TMSI TO MOBILE STATION
EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER(EIR)
 KEEP RECORD OF HANDSETS IN
NETWORK USING IMEI NUMBER
 ONLY ONE EIR IS PRESENT IN A
NETWORK
 CONTAINS THREE LIST
1. BLACK LIST
2. GRAY LIST
3. WHITE LIST
AUTHENTICATION CENTER(AuC)
 HANDLES AUTHENTICATION AND
ENCRYPTION TASK FRO A NETWORK
 STORES Ki FOR EACH NETWORK
 GENERALY LOCATED AT HLR
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
CENTER(OMC)
 CONNECTED TO HLR
 LOOKS TRAFFIC MONITORING ,ACCOUNTING AND BILLING
 GENERATE STATUS REPORT OF NETWORK ENTITIES
 ALSO CALLED TELECOM MANAGEMENT
GSM ARCHITECTURE
Specifications
 GSM Specifications

GSM 900
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink):935-960 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 25 Mhz

GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 Mhz
BTS to Mobile(downlink) 1805-1880 Mhz
Bandwidth : 2* 75 Mhz
GSM Specification
 Carrier Separation : 200 Khz
 No. of RF carriers : 124
 Access Method : TDMA/FDMA
 Modulation Method : GMSK
 Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps
GSM-Frame Structure
Call Routing
• Call Originating from MS
• Call termination to MS
Outgoing Call

1. MS sends dialled number to BSS

2. BSS sends dialled number to MSC
3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is allowed the
requested service.If so,MSC asks BSS to
allocate resources for call.
5 MSC routes the call to GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to local exchange
of called user
7, 8,
9,10 Answer back(ring back) tone is routed
from called user to MS via
GMSC,MSC,BSS
Incoming Call
1. Calling a GSM subscribers
2. Forwarding call to GSMC
3. Signal Setup to HLR
4. 5. Request MSRN from
VLR
6. Forward responsible MSC to
GMSC
7. Forward Call to current
MSC
8. 9. Get current status of MS
10. 11. Paging of MS
12. 13. MS answers
14. 15. Security checks
16. 17. Set up connection
How does SMS works?
 Short message service is a mechanism of delivery of short messages over
the mobile networks.
 It is a store and forward way of transmitting messages to and from mobiles.
 An interesting feature of SMS is return receipts.
 Since SMS used signalling channel as opposed to dedicated channels, these
messages can be sent/received simultaneously with the voice/data/fax
service over a GSM network.
 The actual limit of size of SMS is 160 characters if Latin alphabets are
used. If non-Latin alphabets like Chinese or Arabic are used, the limit is 70
characters.
Organization of network elements in a GSM network
supporting SMS.
Short Message Entity which can be located in the fixed network or a mobile
station, receives and sends short messages.

Short Message Center is the entity which does the job of store and forward of
messages to and from the mobile station.
SMS gateway MSC is a gateway MSC that can also receive short messages.
The gateway MSC is a mobile network’s point of contact with other networks.
On receiving the short message from the SMC, GMSC uses the SS7 network
to interrogate the current position of the mobile station form the HLR.
Visitor Location Register corresponds to each MSC and contains
temporary information about the mobile, information like mobile identification
and the cell (or a group of cells) where the mobile is currently situated. Using
information form the VLR the MSC is able to switch the information (short
message) to the corresponding BSS (Base Station System, BSC + BTSs),
which transmits the short message to the mobile.

This information is passed over the signaling channels so the mobile can
receive messages even if a voice or data call is going on.
Cellular Concepts
Cellular Systems--Cellular Concepts
 The cellular concept was a major breakthrough in solving the problem of
spectral congestion and user capacity. It offered very high capacity in a
limited spectrum allocation without any major technological changes.
 The cellular concept has the following system level ideas
 Replacing a single, high power transmitter with many low power
transmitters, each providing coverage to only a small area.
 Neighboring cells are assigned different groups of channels in order to
minimize interference.
 The same set of channels is then reused at different geographical
locations.
Cellular Concepts
 When designing a cellular mobile communication system, it is important to
provide good coverage and services in a high user-density area.
 Reuse can be done once the total interference from all users in the cells
using the same frequency (co-channel cell) for transmission suffers from
sufficient attenuation. Factors need to be considered include:
 Geographical separation (path loss)
 Shadowing effect
Cell Footprint
 The actual radio coverage of a cell is known as the cell footprint.
 Irregular cell structure and irregular placing of the transmitter may be
acceptable in the initial system design. However as traffic grows, where
new cells and channels need to be added, it may lead to inability to
reuse frequencies because of co-channel interference.
 For systematic cell planning, a regular shape is assumed for the
footprint.
 Coverage contour should be circular. However it is impractical because
it provides ambiguous areas with either multiple or no coverage.
 Due to economic reasons, the hexagon has been chosen due to its
maximum area coverage.
 Hence, a conventional cellular layout is often defined by a uniform grid
of regular hexagons.
Cell Footprint
Frequency Reuse

 A cellular system which has a total of S duplex channels.

 S channels are divided among N cells, with each cell uses unique and
disjoint channels.
 If each cell is allocated a group of k channels, then
S=kN.
Terminology
 Cluster size : The N cells which collectively use the complete set of
available frequency is called the cluster size.
 Co-channel cell : The set of cells using the same set of frequencies as the
target cell.
 Interference tier : A set of co-channel cells at the same distance from the
reference cell is called an interference tier. The set of closest co-channel
cells is call the first tier. There is always 6 co-channel cells in the first tier.
Designing a cellular system
 N=19
 (i=3, j=2)
Designing a cellular system
 The cluster size must satisfy: N = i2 + ij + j2 where i, j are non-negative
integers.
Handover / Handoff
 Occurs as a mobile moves into a different cell during an existing call, or
when going from one cellular system into another.
 It must be user transparent, successful and not too frequent.
 Not only involves identifying a new BS, but also requires that the voice
and control signals be allocated to channels associated with the new BS.
 Once a particular signal level Pmin is specified as the minimum usable
signal for acceptable voice quality at the BS receiver, a slightly stronger
signal level PHO is used as a threshold at which a handover is made.
Handover / Handoff
 ∆ =handoff threshold -
Minimum acceptable
signal to maintain the call
 ∆ too small:
 Insufficient time
to complete handoff
before call is lost
 More call losses
 ∆ too large:
 Too many handoffs
 Burden for MSC
Dwell Time
 The time over which a user remains within one cell is called the dwell time.
 The statistics of the dwell time are important for the practical design of
handover algorithms.
 The statistics of the dwell time vary greatly, depending on the speed of the
user and the type of radio coverage.
Handover indicator
 Each BS constantly monitors the signal strengths of all of its reverse voice
channels to determine the relative location of each mobile user with respect
to the BS. This information is forwarded to the MSC who makes decisions
regarding handover.
 Mobile assisted handover (MAHO) : The mobile station measures the
received power from surrounding BSs and continually reports the results of
these measurements to the serving BS.
Prioritizing Handover
 Dropped call is considered a more serious event than call blocking. Channel
assignment schemes therefore must give priority to handover requests.
 A fraction of the total available channels in a cell is reserved only for
handover requests. However, this reduces the total carried traffic. Dynamic
allocation can improve this.
 Queuing of handover requests is another method to decrease the probability
of forced termination of a call due to a lack of available channel. The time
span over which a handover is usually required leaves room for queuing
handover request.
Practical handover
 High speed users and low speed users have vastly different dwell times
which might cause a high number of handover requests for high speed
users. This will result in interference and traffic management problem.
 The Umbrella Cell approach will help to solve this problems. High speed
users are serviced by large (macro) cells, while low speed users are handled
by small (micro) cells.
Practical handover

 A hard handover does “break before make”, ie.

The old channel connection is broken before the
new allocated channel connection is setup. This
obviously can cause call dropping.
 In soft handover, we do “make before break”,
ie. The new channel connection is established
before the old channel connection is released.
This is realized in CDMA where also BS
diversity is used to improve boundary condition.
System Expansion Techniques
 As demand for wireless services increases, the number of channels assigned
to a cell eventually becomes insufficient to support the required number of
users. More channels must therefore be made available per unit area.
 This can be accomplished by dividing each initial cell area into a
number of smaller cells, a technique known as cell-splitting.
 It can also be accomplished by having more channels per cell, i.e. by
having a smaller reuse factor. However, to have a smaller reuse factor,
the co-channel interference must be reduced. This can be done by using
antenna sectorization.
System Expansion Techniques--Cell splitting
 Cell splitting increases the number of BSs in order to increase capacity.
There will be a corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter
power.
 Cell splitting accommodates a modular growth capability. This in turn leads
to capacity increase essentially via a system re-scaling of the cellular
geometry without any changes in frequency planning.
 Small cells lead to more cells/area which in turn leads to increased traffic
capacity.
System Expansion Techniques--Cell splitting
System Expansion Techniques --Sectorization

 Keep the cell radius but decrease the D/R ratio. In order to do this, we must
reduce the relative interference without increasing the transmit power.
 Sectorization relies on antenna placement and directivity to reduce co-
channel interference. Beams are kept within either a 60° or a 120° sector.
System Expansion Techniques --Sectorization
System Expansion Techniques --Micro cells
 Micro cells can be introduced to alleviate capacity problems caused by
“hotspots”.
 By clever channel assignment, the reuse factor is unchanged. As for cell
splitting, there will occur interference problems when macro and micro
cells must co-exist.
System Expansion Techniques --Micro cells
 Evolution of
Mobile
Communication
 1G
 1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone
technology, cellphones.
 Uses digital signaling to connect the radio towers to the rest of the
telephone system .
 Uses analog signaling to communicate between the speakers.
 The voice is modulated to higher frequency, typically 150MHz and
up.
 2G
 2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless
telephone technology.
 Commercially launched on the GSM standard.
 Three primary benefits of 2G networks :
1) Phone conversations were digitally encrypted.
2) More efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater
mobile phone penetration levels.
3) Introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS
text messages.
 Advantages of 2G

 The lower powered radio signals require less battery power.

 Digital error checking increased sound quality by increasing
dynamic range and lowering the noise floor.
 The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.
 Introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email.
 Greatly reduced fraud.
 Enhanced privacy. Digital cellular calls are much harder to
eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners.
 Disadvantages of 2G

 In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not

be sufficient to reach a cell tower.
 Digital signal has a jagged steppy one and has occasional dropouts.
 While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise,
the lossy compression used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of
sound that they convey is reduced.
Journey from 2G to 3G
3G Features
3G Features continued…
 3G ISSUES
 Expensive input fees.
 Difference in license in states.
 Cost of 3G handsets.
 Battery life of 3G handsets.
 Lack of coverage in some areas.
 Lack of support for some operators.
 GenNext…4G!
 A fully IP-based integrated system.
 Will be capable of providing between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s
speeds both indoors and outdoors.
 Premium quality and high security.
 4G TARGET
 High quality service (QOS)
 High network capacity.
 A data rate of 100 Bits/s between points.
 Seamless connectivity and global roaming.
 Ip packet, switched network.
GSM IN INDIA
From desk of C.O.A.I
 Cellular operator association of India
 Started its operation in 1995
 Registered as non profit organization .
 Vision with aim to develop and maintain world class infrastructure and to
maintain good communication.
 To improve standard and upgrade services with G.S.M India.
 To undertake continuous effort to improve customer satisfaction.
Objective Of C.O.A.I.
 To upgrade and maintain good quality service in terms of speech.
 To help in achieving national objectives.
 To improve access in rural areas.
 To increase tele-density .
 To improve customer sales and satisfaction .
 To study best policies and practices of industry and attain world class
infrasture.
 To facilitated world class cellular service to every part of India.
India as G.S.M player
 India has 335.5 million customers as on September 2009.
The report declared by cellular operators association of India (C.O.A.I)
 Bharati Airtel remains top player with market with net subscriber base
of 107.9 million - August 2009.
 Second in the list is Vodafone with subscriber base of 80.8 million –
August 2009.
 Third position lies with government owned BSNL with adding 1.3
million customers- August 2009
 Fourth position is taken by idea adding 1.5 million customers –
August 2009.
India as G.S.M player.
Market share of various telecom operators as on September 2009.

o Bharti Airtel with top position 32.19%

o Vodafone on second position with 24.11%
o BSNL is at third position with15.5%
o Idea is at fourth position of 14.9%
o Aircel is at fifth position with 7.28%
G.S.M at glance.
G.S.M News at glance
 Airtel signs tower sharing with BSNL
 Indian loop telecom( re-branded BPL mobile) faces loss of operating
license.
 Tata docomo launches G.S.M services in Haryana -29th sep 2009.
 ZTE china brand starts selling handsets under its own brand name in India.
Thank You