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General Motors
Truck Group
Dimensional
Engineering
Seminar
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Variation Simulation Modeling
General Motors
Truck Group
GM
DIMENSIONAL
ENGINEERING
Based on the ASME Y14.5M1994 Dimensioning and
Tolerancing Standard
as amended by the GM Global
Addendum-1997
GM
General Motors
Truck Group
Seminar Agenda
Objectives
Dimensional Engineering Concept
ASME Y14.5M-1994 and GM Global Addendum
Video - Introduction to GD&T
The Language of GD&T
Why Use GD&T ?
Engineering Drawings - General Review
Basic Rules and Definitions
Datum Function & Datum Reference Frames
Datum Planes, Features and Simulators
Datum Target Areas, Lines, Points
and Partial Datum Surfaces
Feature Control Frame Elements
Variation Simulation Modeling (VSM)
Tolerances of Form
Tolerances of Orientation
Tolerances of Runout
Tolerances of Profile
Tolerances of Location
Course Objectives
Dimensional Engineering
Concept
What is GD&T?
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing is an international graphic
engineering language designed to allow designers and engineers
to say exactly what they mean on engineering drawings. The
concepts, symbols and mathematical structure of GD&T provide a
precise and logical way to describe the manufacturing tolerance
zones that are applied to individual features or groups of features
on parts or assemblies.
TYPE OF
TOLERANCE
CHARACTERISTIC
SYMBOL
Straightness
For
Individual
Features
Form
Flatness
Circularity (roundness)
Cylindricity
For
Individual
or Related
Features
Profile
Profile of a Line
Profile of a Surface
Angularity
Orientation
Perpendicularity
Parallelism
For
Related
Features
Position
Location
Concentricity
Symmetry
Circular Runout
Runout
Total Runout
*
*
SYMBOL
**
**
Diameter Symbol
All Around Symbol
Between Symbol
Radius
Controlled Radius
R
CR
A *
234.5
ST
The RFS symbol is no longer used per ASME Y14.5M-1994. It is applicable only on
drawings using earlier standards.
1 A BC
Tolerance
Value
Tertiary
Primary
Geometric
Datum
Datum
Characteristic
Secondary
Symbol
Datum
Each feature control frame contains information identifying a specific feature
characteristic to be controlled (geometric characteristic symbol),the limits of
error or variation allowed for that characteristic (tolerance value), the point(s)
or surfaces from which the characteristic is to be measured (datum reference
frame), and the theoretical shape of the tolerance zone that applies (diameter
symbol and material condition modifiers). Feature control frame are the basic
building blocks of the GD&T language. The ability to accurately interpret the
feature control frame is fundamental to understanding other GD&T concepts.
Datum Material
Condition Symbol
1M A BM C
As required, additional symbols are used along with the basic feature control
frame to identify specific geometric or dimensional requirements. The above
example shows a diameter symbol and two maximum material condition (MMC)
symbols that have been added to precisely describe the feature requirements.
The diameter symbol describes the cylindrical shape of the feature tolerance
zone while the maximum material condition symbols indicate both the feature
and secondary datum material condition in which the stated tolerance applies.
To Maximize Producibility
Parts designed using GD&T methods have maximized producibility because all
available manufacturing tolerance has been included.
To Improve Productivity
Functional Performance
Clear Communication
Uniform Interpretation
Basic
Rules and
Definitions
Limits of Size
Rule #1
Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of
size of an individual feature prescribe the extent to which
variations in its geometric form as well as size are
allowed.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 2.7.1)
In other words, features of size require:
All Applicable
Geometric Tolerances
Rule #2
Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) applies, with respect to
the individual tolerance, datum reference or both, where
no modifying symbol is specified. Maximum Material
Condition (MMC) or Least Material Condition (LMC) must
be specified on the drawing where it is required
(ASME Y14.5-1994, 2.8a)
Notes:
The default condition described by Rule #2 applies only to drawings using the ASME
Y14.5M-1994 standard. Any drawing using an earlier standard will have a different default
condition.
Circular runout, total runout, concentricity, and symmetry can only be applied on an RFS
basis and cannot be modified to MMC or LMC.
Definition
Maximum Material Condition
The condition in which a feature of size contains
the maximum amount of material within the
stated limits of size -- for example, minimum
hole diameter or maximum shaft diameter
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.20)
M
WHEN THE PART WEIGHS THE MOST!
The Maximum Material Condition symbol can be used as a tolerance modifier and/or a datum
modifier for internal or external features of size. When the MMC symbol is applied as a tolerance
modifier, the specified tolerance value applies when the feature is at its extreme limit of size (min
hole, max shaft). When the MMC symbol is applied as a datum modifier, the datum is the axis or
center plane of the datum feature at its virtual size.
MMC Size =
12
14.95
14.90
MMC Size =
14.95
12 -0.25
MMC Size =
11.75
+0.1
15 0
MMC Size = 15
Definition
Least Material Condition
The condition in which a feature of size contains
the least amount of material within the stated
limits of size -- for example, maximum hole
diameter or minimum shaft diameter
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.19)
L
WHEN THE PART WEIGHS THE LEAST!
The Least Material Condition symbol can also be used as a tolerance modifier and/or a datum
modifier for internal or external features of size. When the LMC symbol is applied as a tolerance
modifier, the specified tolerance value applies when the feature is at its extreme limit of size (max
hole, min shaft). When the LMC symbol is applied as a datum modifier, the datum is the axis or
center plane of the datum feature at its LMC size.
LMC Size =
11.5
14.95
14.90
LMC Size =
14.9
LMC Size =
12
15 +0.1
0
Definition
Regardless of Feature Size
The term used to indicate that a geometric
tolerance or datum reference applies at any
increment of size of the feature within its size
tolerance.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.22)
*
S
*
Definition
Free State Condition
The term used to indicate that a geometric
tolerance or datum reference applies in its
FREE STATE or unrestrained condition.
(The use of the free state symbol as a datum condition modifier is
valid only when the datum default condition is restrained.)
F
When applied to geometric tolerances, the free state symbol
indicates that individual or related feature tolerance(s) must
be verified with the part in an unrestrained or unclamped
condition.
When used as a datum modifier, only those datum feature(s)
specifically identified as free state (including rests and
assists) shall be unrestrained or unclamped when verifying
individual or related feature tolerance(s).
Definition
Dimensions, Features
and Tolerances
Dimension
Feature
The general term applied to a physical portion of a part, such
as a surface, pin, tab, hole or slot. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.12)
Feature of size
One cylindrical or spherical surface, or set of two opposed
elements or opposed parallel surfaces associated with a size
dimension. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.17)
Tolerance
The total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary. The
tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum
limits.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.31)
Tolerance-Bilateral
A tolerance in which variation is permitted in both directions from
the specified dimension.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.32)
Tolerance-Unilateral
A tolerance in which variation is permitted in one direction from
the specified dimension.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.34)
Definition
Basic Dimension
A numerical value used to describe the
theoretically exact size, profile, orientation or
location of a feature or datum target. It is the
basis from which permissible variations are
established by tolerances on other dimensions,
in notes or in feature control frames.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.9)
234.5
30
24
Basic Dimension
Basic Angle
Basic Diameter
Definition
Datums, Datum Targets,
Datum Features and Simulators
Datum
A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the
true geometric counterpart of a specified datum feature. A
datum is the origin from which the location or geometric
characteristics of features of a part are established.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.3)
Datum Feature
An actual feature of a part that is used to establish a
datum. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.4)
Datum Target
A specified point, line, or area on a part used to establish a
datum. (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.7)
Definition
Virtual Condition
A constant boundary generated by the collective
effects of a size features specified MMC or
LMC material condition and the geometric
tolerance for that material condition.
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 1.3.37)
Z
XX
XX
As Shown on Drawing
Virtual Condition
Inner Boundary
Maximum Inscribed
Diameter
1 Positional
Tolerance Zone at
MMC
True (Basic)
Position of Hole
Other Possible
Extreme Locations
True (Basic)
Position of Hole
Axis Location of
MMC Hole Shown
at Extreme Limit
N
XX
XX
As Shown on Drawing
Virtual Condition
Outer Boundary
Minimum Circumscribed
Diameter
1 Positional
Tolerance Zone at
MMC
True (Basic)
Position of Feature
Other Possible
Extreme Locations
Boundary of MMC Feature
Shown at Extreme Limit
True (Basic)
Position of Feature
Axis Location of
MMC Feature Shown
at Extreme Limit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Internal Features
MMC
LMC
MMC
LMC
10.75 +0.25/- 0
23.45 +0.05/- 0.25
123. 50 +/- 0.1
.895
.890
External Features
10.75 +0/- 0.25
23.45 +0.05/- 0.25
123. 50 +/- 0.1
.890
.885
Blank Page
Datum
Function
and
Datum
Reference
Frames
Datum Requirements
Functional
Datums Should Be Consistent with Part Assembly Interfaces
Datum Features Should Minimize Assembly Variation
Datums Should Represent Actual Part Feature Relationships
Repeatable
Datum Features Must Be Dimensionally Stable
Datum Features Must Provide Secure, Repeatable Orientation
and Immobilization of a Part or Assembly as Required
Datums Planes Should Be Independent to Avoid Sensitivity
Coordinated
Datum Reference Frame Establishes a Common Basis for
Control and Measurement During All Process Phases of:
Manufacture
Inspection
Assembly
Datum Features Must Be Common and Coordinated With:
Stamping
Detail Gages
Assembly Tooling
Assembly Gages
Datum Feature
Selection and Coordination
Part features selected to establish datum reference planes on
sheet metal panels should be coordinated with tooling locators
(CDs) used during the assembly process and datum features
used to locate the panel during detail inspection.
When selecting datum features, careful consideration should be
given to the total number of datum target locations required to
physically stabilize part geometry. Assembly tooling fixtures are
often required to form and hold the nominal contours of flexible
sheet metal parts during welding operations. As a result, the
assembly process will frequently make use of more part locators
than would be appropriate for a detail inspection tool.
Although the coordination of datum features is recommended to
ensure quality vehicle assembly, it is important to recognize that
all tooling locators (CDs) should not necessarily be considered
datums. The quantity and location of datum targets appropriate
for each application is based heavily on engineering common
sense and experience.
Too many datum target areas can over constrain and distort
a panel. This could mask actual error and compromise the
integrity of inspection data. Too few and the part may not be
supported adequately, which can lead to poor or marginal
gage repeatability.
Y Axis
Linear
Z Axis
Rotational
X Axis
Linear
X Axis
Rotational
Y Axis
Rotational
Z Axis
Linear
TERTIARY
DATUM PLANE
SECONDARY
DATUM PLANE
90 o
90 o
90 o
PART
PART
Fixed
FIRST DATUM PLANE
PRIMARY DATUM
SECOND DATUM PLANE
PART
PART
Fixed
SECONDARY DATUM
PART
PART
Fixed
TERTIARY DATUM
Free
Fixed
Free
Fixed
PART
PART
PART
Free
Free
Fixed
Fixed
Free
Fixed
FIRST
DATUM
PLANE
PRIMARY DATUM
Fixed
SECOND
DATUM
PLANE
Fixed
Fixed
PART
PART
PART
Fixed
Free
Free
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
SECONDARY DATUM
Fixed
Fixed
THIRD DATUM
PLANE
PART
PART
PART
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
TERTIARY DATUM
Part
(Workpiece)
Datum Plane
Simulated Datum
AB
AB
A
Base (triangle) may
be filled or not filled
Datum Target
Label
A1
Optional methods of specifying
shape and size of gaging element
(Datum Target Area)
25
25
A1
A1
General
Datum Target
Symbol
Circular
Datum Target
Area Symbol
Square
Datum Target
Area Symbol
12
A1
May be filled
or not filled
10 X 20
A1
Rectangular
Datum Target
Area Symbol
Datum Targets
12
A1
15
15
PARTIAL
SURFACE
CONTACT
PART
DATUM BLOCK
12
PARTIAL
SURFACE
CONTACT
A1
15
15
PART
DATUM BLOCK
Datum Targets
A1
120
A1
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
PART
LINE
CONTACT
LOCATING PIN
Datum Target
Line
Datum Targets
A1
120
A1
25
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
PART
POINT
CONTACT
LOCATING
PIN
Datum Target
Point
Datum Targets
A
50
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
50
LENGTH OF
DATUM
CONTACT
TRUE GEOMETRIC
COUNTERPART OF
PARTIAL SURFACE
Datum Quiz
Questions #1-12 True or False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Datum Quiz
Questions #1-10 Fill in blanks (choose from below)
Feature
Control
Frame
Elements
A
C
B
2.5 A-B C M D M
2.5 A-B C M D M
Multiple Datum
Features (Primary)
A B
C
0.5
Datum Feature
Symbol
A B
0.5 diameter
tolerance zone *
5X M14X1-6H
0.5 M P 20 A B
A
M
0.5
M P
20 A B M
Projected Tolerance
Zone Symbol
1 ABC
1 ABC
All Around Symbol
X
X
1 A BC
Y
Y
1ABC
Y
Between Symbol
14.95 AVG
14.80
A1
0.5
A2
A-D
CM
B
A4
D1
A3
0.5
A-D
A1
2.5
A2
ST
ABM CM
B
A4
A3
2.5
ST
A B M CM
Statistical
Tolerance Symbol
2.5 A B C
0.5 A B
Two Single Segment Profile Control Frames
2.5 A B C
0.5 A B
One Composite Profile Control Frame
1.5
0.2
M
M
A B C
A B
1.5
0.2
M
M
A B C
A B
2.5 A B C
0.5
2.5 A B C
0.5 A
2.5 A B C
0.5 A B
2.5 A B C
0.5 A B C
2.5 A B C
0.5
2.5 A B C
0.5 A
Feature Locating
Reference
2.5 A B C
0.5 A B
2.5 A B C
0.5 A B C
1.5 A B C
0.2
1.5 A B C
0.2 A
1.5 A B C
0.2 A B
1.5 A B C
0.2 A B C
1.5 A B C
0.2
1.5 A B C
0.2 A
1.5 A B C
0.2 A B
1.5 A B C
0.2 A B C
Diameter
Symbol
Material
Modifier
(Tolerance)
Datum
Reference
Frame
1M A B C
Geometric
Characteristic
Symbol
Secondary
Datum
Tolerance
Projected
Tolerance
Symbol
0.5
Datum
Feature
Symbol
Minimum
Projected
Zone Height
20 A B M
Material
Modifier
(Datum)
Composite
True Position
Symbol
Pattern Locating
Tolerance Zone
0.5
0.2
M
M
A B C
A B
Pattern Locating
Tolerance Zone
Framework (PLTZF)
Feature Relating
Tolerance Zone
Framework (FRTZF)
Feature Relating
Tolerance Zone
Composite
Profile Symbol
(Profile of a Surface)
Feature Profile
Locating
Tolerance
2.5 A B C
0.5 A B
Feature Profile
Form/Orientation
Tolerance
Feature Profile
Locating Datum
Reference
Feature Profile
Form/Orientation
Datum Reference
Notes
E
N
D
Seminar Agenda
Objectives
Dimensional Engineering Concept
ASME Y14.5M-1994 and GM Global Addendum
Video - Introduction to GD&T
The Language of GD&T
Why Use GD&T ?
Engineering Drawings - General Review
Basic Rules and Definitions
Datum Function & Datum Reference Frames
Datum Planes, Features and Simulators
Datum Target Areas, Lines, Points
and Partial Datum Surfaces
Feature Control Frame Elements
Tolerances of Form
Tolerances of Orientation
Tolerances of Runout
Tolerances of Profile
Tolerances of Location
1.
FALSE
2.
TRUE
3.
FALSE
4.
TRUE
5.
TRUE
6.
FALSE
7.
FALSE
8.
TRUE
9.
TRUE
10.
FALSE
11.
TRUE
12.
FALSE
Internal Features
MMC
LMC
10.75 +0.25/-0
10.75
11
23.45 +0.05/-0.25
23.20
23.50
123.40
123.60
0.890
0.895
External Features
MMC
LMC
10.75 +0/-0.25
10.75
10.50
23.45 +0.05/-0.25
23.50
23.20
123. 50 +/-0.1
123.60
123.40
123. 50 +/-0.1
0.895
0.890
0.890
0.885
0.890
0.885
Datum Quiz
Questions #1-12 True or False
1.
FALSE
2.
FALSE
3.
FALSE
4.
FALSE
5.
TRUE
6.
TRUE
7.
FALSE
8.
TRUE
9.
TRUE
10.
TRUE
11.
FALSE
12.
TRUE
Datum Quiz
Questions #1-10 Fill in blanks (choose from below)
4. The primary and secondary datum planes together will restrain five
degrees of freedom.