Académique Documents
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Target Audiance
Electrical Engineers
Protection Engineers
Test & Commissioning Engineers
Power System Engineers
Utility Engineers
Electrical Technicians
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Introduction
Transformers are a critical and expensive
component of the power system. Due to
long lead time for repair and replacement
of transformers, a major goal of
transformer protection is limiting the
damage to a faulted transformer. The
comprehensive transformer protection
provided by multiple function protective
relays is appropriate for critical
transformers of all applications.
7
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
Any extended operation of the
transformer under abnormal
condition such as faults or
overloads compromises the life
span of the transformer, which
means adequate protection should
be provided for quicker isolation of
the transformer under such
condition.
CAUSES OF FAILURES
Lightning Surges
Line Surges/ External Short Circuits
Over-loading
Deterioration Of insulation
Moisture Ingress
Poor maintenance
Poor Workmanship/Manufacturing
11
Failure Statistics
12
Line Surges
Line Surge (or Line Disturbance) is the number one
cause for all types of transformers failures.
This category includes switching surges, voltage spikes,
line faults/flashovers, and other transmission and
distribution (T&D) abnormalities.
This significant portion of transformer losses indicates
that more attention should be given to providing surge
protection, or testing the adequacy of existing surge
protection.
13
Deterioration of Insulation
Insulation Deterioration is found to be the second
leading cause of failure. The average age of the
transformers that fails due to insulation deterioration is
around 20 years against a general life expectancy of 30
to 35 years.
14
15
Inadequate Maintenance
Inadequate Maintenance was the third leading cause of
transformer failures.
This category includes disconnected or improperly set
controls, loss of coolant, accumulation of dirt and oil,
and corrosion.
Inadequate maintenance has to bear the blame for not
discovering incipient troubles when there was ample
time to correct it
16
Poor-Workmanship/Manufacture
A low percent of the total failures are attributed to Poor
Workmanship or Manufacturers Defects these days.
Loose or unsupported leads, loose blocking, poor
brazing, inadequate core insulation, inferior short circuit
strength, and foreign objects left in the tank are the
reasons falling under the above category.
17
Overloading
It includes only those transformers that
experienced a sustained load that exceeded the
nameplate capacity.
Often, the overloading occurs when the plant or the
utility slowly increases the load in small increments
over time. The capacity of the transformer is
eventually exceeded, resulting in excessive
temperatures that prematurely ages the insulation.
As the transformers paper insulation ages, the
strength of the paper is reduced.
Then, forces from an outside fault may cause a
deterioration of the insulation, leading to failure.
18
Moisture
The Moisture category includes failures caused by
floods, leaky pipes, leaking roofs, water entering the
tanks through leaking bushings or fittings, and
confirmed presence of moisture in the insulating oil.
19
Loose Connections
Loose Connections could be included in the
Maintenance category.
This category includes workmanship and maintenance
in making electrical connections.
One problem is the improper mating of dissimilar metals,
although this has decreased somewhat in recent years.
Another problem is improper torquing of bolted
connections.
20
Protection Of
Transformer
21
Auxiliary Faults
-
22
Proection Philosophy
Transformer
23
LIST OF PROTECTIONS
Main Protections
Differential
Restricted E/F
Back up Protections
O/C + E/F ( Primary Side)
O/C + E/F ( Secondary Side)
Current Unbalance
Thermal Overload
Auxiliary Protections
Over Fluxing
Oil Temperature
Gas pressure
Oil Level
Vibration
Voltage Unbalance
Breaker Failure
27
50
59
51 50N 51N
50/51
50N/51N
27
50
25
51 50N 59
51N
87 Differential fault
64 Restricted Earth Fault
26
87 Differential fault
64 Restricted Earth Fault
27
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
27
50
51 50N 51N 49
59
46
24
External Faults
50/51
Transformer
28
50N/51N
27
Under Voltage
59
Over Voltage
49
50 51 50N 51N
46
24
Over Fluxing
Current Unbalance
Transformer Connections
29
Transformer Connections
a a2
A
C1
A2
C2
C B1
A
B
C
30
A2
B2
C2
A1
B1
C1
a1
b1
c1
c1
A1
B2 B
a2
b2
c2
a1
b1
b2
c2
c
a
b
Phase displacement
Yy0
Dd0
Zd0
Phase displacement
Yy6
Dd6
Dz6
Yd1
Dy1
Yz1
Yd11
Dy11
Yz11
Group 1
0
Group 2
180
Group 3
30
Group 4
30
31
Transformer Connections
A2
B2
C2
Low
Voltage
Windings
a1
a2
B1
b1
b2
C1
c1
c2
A1
32
Overcurrent Protection
33
Requirements
Fast operation for primary short circuits
Discrimination with downstream protections
Operation within transformer withstand
Non-operation for short or long term overloads
Non-operation for magnetising inrush
34
HV
LV
50
51
50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level
35
Transient Overreach
Concerns relay response to offset waveforms (DC
transient)
Definition
I1 - I2
x 100
I2
I2
I1
36
D.
C
.
> Transformer Protection
I1 = Steady state
rms
pick up
current
I2 = Fully offset
rms
pickup
current
5
1
LV
5
1
HV
1
5
1
HV
2
HV1
Tim
e
HV2
LV
IF(LV)
IF(HV)
1.2IF(LV)
37
Curren
t
Current Distribution
I3
I3
0.866
I3
I3
38
HV relay
0.4 sec
LV relay
0.866 I3 I3
39
Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (1)
51
Grid supply
67
Feeders
51
67
51
40
51
Parallel Transformers
Directional Relays (2)
51
Grid supply
51
Bus
Section
Feeders
51
51
41
51
42
43
IP
PR
Protective
Relay
ResistorlimitsE/Fcurrentto fullloadvalues
IF
Thus,primarycurrent, P
. F.L.
3
2
circuit
3
44
x .F.L.
3
IF
0.8
Star
Side
0.7
0.6
51
0.5
Overcurrent
Relay
0.4
Delta
Side
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
p.u..
IF
Star
Side
7
6
51
Overcurrent
Relay
4
3
2
Delta
Side
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
p.u..
46
51
N
5
1
47
5
1
5
1
51
N
51
N
5
1
5
1
5
1
Protected
Zone
RE
F
A B C N
LV restricted E/F
protection trips
both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10%
rated
50
A B C N
51
Source
Protected zone
REF
RCT
RCT
RL
IF
IS
VS
RL
RL
RS
RT
RL
VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
VS
RR
Metrosil Characteristic
V = CI
1MVA
(5%)
11000V
415V
1600/1
RCT =
4.9
Calculate :
1) Setting voltage (VS)
80MV
A
2) Value of stabilising
resistor required
3) Effective setting
1600/1
RCT =
4.8
56
RS
MCAG14
IS = 0.1
Amp
2 Core 7/0.67mm
(7.41/km)
100m Long
4) Peak voltage
developed by CTs
for internal fault
Solution (1)
Earth fault calculation :Using 80MVA base
Source impedance = 1 p.u.
Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u.
1
p.u.
1 P.U.
Total impedance = 14
1
4
I1 = 1 = 0.0714 p.u.
14
I1
= 111296 Amps
I2
IF
4
I0
Sequence Diagram
57
= 3 x 0.0714 x 111296
= 23840 Amps (primary)
= 14.9 Amps (secondary)
Solution (2)
58
Solution
(4)
59
Differential Protection
60
Types of differential
High impedance differential::
Here a high impedance is added to relay circuit to prevent relay
operation due to CT saturation under through fault conditions.
This is very sensitive and fast operating for internal faults.
Biased differential :
Here the operation depends upon differential current exceeding
the bias current.
The bias characteristics is variable so that it is applicable to a
wide variation in transformer design and configuration. This
bias slope is set to stabilize the protection for small differential
currents, which flow due to tap changer variation and CT
tolerance under through fault conditions.
61
Harmonic Restraint
62
65
66
67
68
69
Differential Protection
Overall differential protection may be justified for
larger transformers (generally > 5MVA).
Provides fast operation on any winding
Measuring principle :
Based on the same circulating current principle as the
restricted earth fault protection
However, it employs the biasing technique, to maintain
stability for heavy through fault current
Differential
Current
I1
BIAS
OPERATE
BIAS I
2
I1 I2
OPERATE
I1 I2
RESTRAIN
I1 +
I2
2
71
Mean Through
Current
Differential Protection
HV
PROTECTED
ZONE
LV
P1
P2
A2
A1
73
a1
a2
P2
P1
Use of Interposing CT
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
P1
S2
S1 P1
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
> Transformer Protection
P2
S2
S2
74
a2
P2
S1
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Differential Protection
150/5
P2
P1
S1
15MVA
66kV / 11kV
A2
A1 a1
a2
800/5
P2
P1
S2
S2
S1
Dy1
Differential Protection
800/5
150/5
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
a2
P2
P1
S2
S2
4.37A
4.92A
S1
S2 P1
(2.56)
S1
P2
(5)
R
R
= 62.7 kV
= 138 Amp
Secondary current
= 4.6 Amp
91
A2
a2
P1
P2
S1
P1
P2
S1
S2
REF
S2
P2
P1
S1
S2
To differential relay
92
300/5
25MV
A
11KV
1600/5
50MV
A
33KV
1000/5
4.59
5.51
10.33
2.88
2.88
Yd11(+30)
R
R
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
94
Non-electrical Protection
Buchholz Protection
Pressure Relief Protection
Sudden Pressure Protection
Winding Temperature Protection
Oil Temperature Protection
Oil Level Abnormal Protection
95
Buchholz Protection
The function of the relay is to detect an abnormal condition
within the tank and send an alarm or trip signal.
96
97
98
99
100
3 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Conservator
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Oil conservator
3 minimum
Transformer
101
Buchholz Relay
Petcock
Alarm bucket
Counter balance
weight
Mercury switch
Oil level
To oil
conservator
From transformer
Trip bucket
Aperture adjuster
Drain plug
102
Deflector plate
103
Transformer protection
Over fluxing
Generator transformers
Grid transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but can be
caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.
Flux V
f
Effects of overfluxing :
105
V = kf
2m
CAUSES
Low frequency
High voltage
Geomagnetic disturbances
EFFECTS
106
Ie
V K
f
Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing
Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action
Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition
Settings
Pick-up 1.5 to 3.0 i.e.
107
V/Hz Characteristics
Enables co-ordination with plant withstand characteristics
t = 0.8 + 0.18 x K
(M - 1)2
1000
K = 63
K = 40
K = 20
K=5
K=1
100
Operating
time (s)
10
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
M = V Hz
Setting
108
1.5
1.6
109
Over temperature
Generally regarded as overload protection also deals
with failure of or interference with pumps and fans or
shutting of valves to pumps
Winding hot spot temperature is the main issue, but both
oil and winding temperature are usually measured and
used to:
initiate an alarm
trip circuit breakers
control fans and pumps
110
Over temperature
Two temperatures must be monitored:
Winding temperature (WTI) -(short
thermal ) this can rise rapidly, without
much of an increase in oil temperature
Oil temperature (OTI) -(long thermal )
this can rise slowly to a critical point
without an unacceptable winding
temperature increase
111
Overheating Protection
I load
Alarm
TD
setting
Top oil of
power
transformer
Trip
I load
On
Fan
control
Off
On
Pump
control
Off
Heater
Temp. indication
Local
Thermal
replica
113
Temperature
sensing resistor
Remote
THANK YOU?????
114