CHAPTER 6

GASES
NORAFIZAH BINTI AHMAD SHAYUTI
BSc (HONS.) OLEOCHEMISTRY, UKM
MSC CHEMISTRY, UKM

PROPERTIES OF GASES
General properties of gas

Compressible
Have low density
Diffuses quickly
Fills up a container uniformly
Exerts pressure uniformly on all sides of a container
independently of the height or depth

GAS PRESSURE
Pressure of air is
measured with a
BAROMETER
(developed by
Torricelli in 1643)
Hg rises in tube until force of Hg
(down) balances the force of
atmosphere (pushing up). (Just
like a straw in a soft drink)
P of Hg pushing down related to
Hg density
column height

PRESSURE CONVERSION
Pressure is defined as force per unit area :
Pressure = force / area
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101325 Pa = 101325 Nm-2
Conversion : 475 mmHg to atm?

= 475 mmHg x 1 atm

760 mmHg
= 0.625 atm

What is 2 atm expressed in torr?

2 atm x 760 torr = 1520 torr
1 atm

BOYLES LAW
States that : the volume (V) of a sample of gas inversely
proportional with the pressure (P) of the gas at constant
temperature (T) and number of moles of gas (n).
V 1 (at constant T and n)
P
V = k or
PV = k
P
where k is constant
The initial condition: P1V1 = k , The final condition: P2V2 = k
Because PV, initial and final, is constant and is equal to k

P1V1 = P2V2

BOYLES LAW
A bicycle pump is a

good example of
Boyles law.
As the volume of the
air trapped in the
pump is reduced, its
pressure goes up, and
air is forced into the
tire.

(Temperature is held constant)

PROBLEM
A deep sea diver is
working at a depth where
the pressure is 3.0
atmospheres. He is
breathing out air bubbles.
The volume of each air
bubble is 2 cm3. At the
surface the pressure is 1
atmosphere. What is the
volume of each bubble
when it reaches the
surface?

How we work this out:

We assume that the temperature is constant, so

Boyles Law applies:

Formula first:
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
Then numbers:= 3.0 x 2 = 1.0 x V2
Now rearrange the numbers so that you have V2

on one side, and the rest of the numbers on the

other side of the equals symbol.

Heres what you should have calculated

V2 = 3.0 x 2
1.0
therefore volume of bubbles = 6 cm3

Note that P1 and P2 have the same unit, as will V1 and V2

PROBLEM
An ideal gas occupies a volume of 1.5 dm3 under a
pressure 0f 100.5 kPa. Assume that the temperature is
maintained constant, calculate its volume if the
pressure is increased to 150 kPa.

CHARLESS LAW
States that : the volume (V) of a gas varies directly with the
temperature (in Kelvin) if pressure (P) and number of moles of gas
(n) are constant
VT
(at constant P and n)
V = kT or V = k
T
where k is constant and T is the absolute temperature
Initial condition:
Final condition:
V 1= k
V2= k
T1
T2
Since k is constant, we may equate them, resulting in

V1 = V2
T1 T 2

CHARLESS LAW

ALERT!!!
!
Charless law only applies to the volume of a gas at Kelvin
Temperature. The relationship between the Kelvin and
Celcius temperature scale is

K = oC + 273

(Pressure is held constant)

PROBLEM
At constant pressure,
the volume of a gas is
increased from 150 dm3
to 300 dm3 by heating
it.
If the original
temperature of the gas
was 20 oC, what will its
final temperature be
(oC)?

T1 = 20 oC + 273 = 293 K
T2 = X K
V1 = 150 dm3
V2 = 300 dm3
150 dm3 = 300 dm3
293 K
T2
T2 = 586 K
o

C = 586 K - 273

T2 = 313 oC

PROBLEM
An ideal gas in a balloon has a volume of 205 mL at
temperature of 5 oC. Assume that the pressure is
maintained constant, determine the volume of the
balloon if the temperature is lowered to -17 o C.

GAY-LUSSACS LAW
States that : the pressure exerted by a gas is directly related to
the Kelvin temperature
PT
(at constant V and n)
P = kT
or P = k
T
where k is constant and T is the absolute temperature
Initial condition:
Final condition:
P1= k
P2= k
T1

T2

Since k is constant, we may equate them, resulting in

P1 = P2
T1 T2

GAY-LUSSACS LAW

(Volume is held constant)

PROBLEM
A gas has a pressure at
2.0 atm at 18 C.
What is the new
pressure when the
temperature is 62 C?
(V and n constant)

P1
T1
T2
P2

=
=
=
=
=
=
P1
T1

2.0 atm
18 C + 273
291 K
62 C + 273
335 K
?
= P2 P 2
T2

P 2 P 2 = P1 x T 2
T1
= 2.0 atm x 335K
291 K
=

2.3 atm

PROBLEM
A gas has a pressure of 645 torr at 128 C. What is
the temperature if the pressure increases to 824
torr? (n and V remain constant)

COMBINED GAS LAW

Ideal gases obey Boyles law & Charless law.
All pressure-volume-temperature relationship for gases

that we have studied may be combined into a single

relationship called the combined gas law.
The combined gas law in an equation which can be derived
from Boyles law and Charless law.
Boyles law = V 1
P

Charless law = V T

Combined gas law :

hence;

V T
P
V = kT
P
k = PV
T

COMBINED GAS LAW

A relationship comparing initial and final conditions:

P1V1 = P2V2
T1
T2
(At constant number of moles, n)

AVOGADROS LAW
States that: equal volumes of any ideal gas contain the same
number of moles if measured under the same temperature
and pressure.
Vn
(at constant T and P)
V = kn or V = k
n
A relationship comparing initial and final conditions, may be
derived:

V1 = V2
n1
n2

AVOGADROS LAW
Molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by 1 mole of

gas.
At standard temperature and pressure(STP), the

molar volume of any gas is 22.4 L (22.4 dm3).

Standard temperature , T = 273 K (or oC)

Standard pressure, P = 1 atm

At room temperature (25 oC or 298 K) and pressure 1

atm, the molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3.

PROBLEM
Calculate the volume of the following gaseous at STP.
a) 0.05 mol H2
b)
14 g of CO2
(Ar: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16)
SOLUTION (a)
At STP, a mole of gas occupied 22.4dm3
Hence;
The V occupied by
0.05 mol H2 = 0.05 mol x 22.4dm3
1 mol
= 1.12 dm3

SOLUTION (b)
Convert the mass of CO2 to mole
Hence;
No. of mol of CO2
= 14 g x 1 mol CO2
44 g
= 0.318 mol
The V occupied by 0.318 mol CO2
= 0.318 mol x 22.4dm3
1 mol
= 7.12 dm3