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CREW RESOURCE MAMAGEMENTAIRMAXSYSTEM.

COM
CRM is the sharing of knowledge and best practices to reduce errors and
incidents.
Used by high reliability organizations (HROs)

CRM has been used by commercial airlines since 1981

OVERVIEW

CRM is concerned with the cognitive and interpersonal skills


needed to manage resources within an organized system, not
so much with the technical knowledge and skills required to
operate equipment.
In this context, cognitive skills are defined as the
mentalprocesses used for gaining and maintaining situational
awareness, for solving problems and for making decisions.
Interpersonal skills are regarded as communications and a
range of behavioral activities associated with teamwork.
In many operational systems as in other walks of life, skill
areas often overlap with each other, and they also overlap with
the required technical skills. Furthermore, they are not
confined to multi-crew craft or equipment, but also relate to
single operator equipment or craft as they invariably need to
interface with other craft or equipment and various other
support agencies in order to complete a mission successfully.

HISTORY

Initiated by NASA in 1979

NASA discovered crashes due to lack of:


Interpersonal

communication
Poor decision making
Lack of leadership skills

SKILLS OF CRM

Opening or attention getter- Address the individual. "Hey


Chief," or "Captain Smith," or "Bob," or however the name or title
that will get the person's attention .

State your concern- Express your analysis of the situation in a


direct manner while owning your emotions about it. "I'm
concerned that we may not have enough fuel to fly around this
storm system," or "I'm worried that the roof might collapse."

State the problem as you see it- "We're showing only 40


minutes of fuel left," or "This building has a lightweight steel truss
roof, and we may have fire extension into the roof structure."

State a solution- "Let's divert to another airport and refuel," or


"I think we should pull some tiles and take a look with the thermal
imaging camera before we commit crews inside."

Obtain agreement (or buy-in)- "Does that sound good to


you, Captain?"

MODULES OF CRM

Basic Theory of Information processing


Human Error, Reliability and Error
Management
Fatigue and Workload Management
Situational Awareness
Communication & Management
Automation
CRM for Single Pilots

BASIC THEORY OF INFORMATION PROCESSING

Information Processing defined

Information processing is the process of receiving information


through the senses analyzing and making it meaningfull.

Decision making is the choice between two or more alternatives.

Information Processing Model

Information processing can be represented as a model. This


shows the main elements of the process from receipt of
information from the senses, to outputs such as decision making
and actions.

HUMAN ERROR, RELIABILITY AND ERROR


MANAGEMENT

Human error is inevitable. What is important is to ensure that


human error does not result in adverse events such as air accidents.
This can be addressed in two ways: reducing errors in the first
place, and controlling errors such that they, or their immediate
effects, are detected early enough to allow remedial action. CRM
addresses both types of mitigating strategies, but concentrates
particularly on error detection, especially in the multi-crew
situation.
Human reliability is the science which looks at the vulnerability of
human beings to make errors (or less than perfect performance)
under different circumstances. One could argue that it is more of
an art than a science, since it is very difficult to predict, in
quantifiable terms, human reliability in different situations, and
from individual to individual. However, there are certain conditions
under which humans are more likely to make errors (e.g. during
circadian lows, when stressed, when overloaded, etc.).

FATIGUE AND WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT

This Module deals with readiness to cope in some sense, in


terms of an individuals physical and mental ability to cope
with work demands, and how he manages those work
demands.
The ideal would be for flight crew to be at peak fitness and
alertness all the time, and to be able to manage the workload
such that work demands never exceed ability to cope.
However, life isnt like that, and there are times when
individuals are fatigued, or stressed, and workload sometimes
exceeds ability to cope. CRM aims to help flight crew to plan
their workload as far as they are able, making best use of the
team, and taking into account the fact that some individuals
may be performing below peak levels (e.g. due to fatigue,
etc.).
It is also important for managers to be aware of such human
performance issues when planning (rosters etc.).

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

Situation Awareness (SA) is acknowing what is going on around


you essentially recognising the big picture. Its is
fundamental to correct decision making and action.

Information processing tends to be the term used for the


psychological mechanism of receiving and analyzing
information; situation awareness is a description of an
individuals or a team understanding of the aircraft state
and environment, based on perceived and processed
information.

SA is more than just perception it is understanding the


meaning of what you perceive, how it might change in the
future, and the implications.

COMMUNICATION & MANAGEMENT

One of the basic underlying premises of CRM is that a team can, and
should, perform better than two (or three) individuals in the cockpit. The
aim of CRM is to ensure that 1+1>2, as opposed to 1+1<2 (in a two pilot
cockpit), and that team performance takes precedence over individual
performance. Good CRM is getting the balance right as a team, whilst
recognising that the Captain has the final say and responsibility for the
safety of the aircraft. In order to be effective, team members must be
able to talk to each other, listen to each other, share information and be
assertive when required. Commanders should take particular
responsibility for ensuring that the crew functions effectively as a team.
Whilst the emphasis in CRM is primarily upon the cockpit crew, and how
they work as a team, it is also important to look at wider team
effectiveness, namely the whole flight crew. CRM principles may also
extend to situations where ATC, maintenance, company experts, etc., are
considered to be part of the team (especially in emergency situations or
in a single pilot environment). A UK based study of 249 F/Os reported
that nearly 40% of them had on several occasions failed to communicate
to the Captain their proper doubts about the operation of the aircraft.
The most common reason being the desire to avoid conflict and
deference to the experience and authority of the Captain.

AUTOMATION

Automation in the aviation domain has been increasing for the


past two decades. Pilot reaction to automation varies from
highly favourable to highly critical depending on both the
pilots background and how effectively the automation is
implemented.
Modern aircraft feature a variety of automation technologies
to help the pilot with such things as checklist execution,
navigation, descent planning, engine configuration, and
system monitoring. Older aircraft can be retrofitted to
incorporate many of these features by replacing older radios
with modern units, replacing traditional gauges with computer
monitors, and linking everything with computer processors.
One of the goals of automation is to improve the pilots
situational awareness. A related goal is to decrease the
workload required to maintain a given level of awareness.

CRM FOR SINGLE PILOTS

CRM has been around in different forms since the early years of aviation.
What has changed is the increased reliability of aircraft and aircraft
systems; the percentage of accidents caused by human factors; the
subsequent recognition of the part played by the human element and the
attempt to define good and poor CRM practice.
The natural development of CRM has, not surprisingly, been mainly on
multicrew aircraft as this was supported by flight and cockpit voice
recorders, and the use of simulators facilitated scenarios where CRM
situations could be practiced and discussed. Some high profile accidents
involving multi-pilot aircraft also drew public attention to the subject. It is
not surprising, therefore, that CRM tended to be regarded as being mainly
applicable to multi-crew operations. This focus is understandable as much
of the written material produced on CRM has been specifically written for
multi-crew situations and has, to some extent, concentrated on the
communication and relationships between pilots.
Single Pilot operations do exist in an airliner from time to time. If one
crewmember should leave the flight deck for a short time it will leave only
one pilot at the controls leaving that person with what essentially is single
pilot skills.

GALLERY

CONTACT US

Street & Mailing Address(Visit Office By


Appointment Only)
AirMAX System
1280 S. Powerline Road
Suite 27
Pompano Beach, FL 33069
USA
Voice Telephone Number:+1.954.240.0048FREE
Fax Telephone Number:(Call For Fax Number)
E-Mail Address:(Main Office - United States)
Info@AirMAXsystem.com

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