STANDARD

SPECIFICATION
ITEM 310 - BITUMINOUS SURFACE
COURSE-HOT LAID

DESCRIPTION
This item shall consist of
constructing a bituminous concrete
surface source composed of
aggregates, mineral filler, and
bituminous material mixed at a
central plant, constructed and laid
hot on the prepared base in
accordance with this specification
and conformity with lines, grades,
thickness and typical cross-section
shown on the plans.

MATERIAL
REQUIREMENTS
Bituminous Material
It shall be either medium curing Cutback
asphalt or Asphalt Cement, whichever is
called in the Bill of quantities. It shall
conform to the requirements of Item
702, Bituminous Materials.
The penetration grade, type and grade
of bituminous material shall be specified
in the Special provision.

Aggregates
Aggregates shall conform to the
requirements of Item 307, Bituminous
Plant-Mix Surface Course, General.

Mineral Filler and Hydrated Lime

It shall conform to the requirements of
Item 307

PROPORTIONING OF MIXTURES:
The proportion of bituminous material on the
basis of total dry aggregates, shall be from 5.0
to 8.0 mass percent.
1.

2. The exact percentage to be used shall be

fixed by the engineer in accordance with the
job-mix formula and other quality control
requirements.
3. During the mixing operation, one-half to one
mass percent of hydrated lime, dry aggregates
basis, shall be added to the mixture.
4. The lower percentage limit is applicable to
aggregates which are predominantly
calcareous.

COMPOSITION OF BITUMINOUS MIX

Aggregates account for 92% to 95% of the
weight of the mixture, while asphalt
accounts for 5% to 8% of the weight of the
mix. The exact percentage to be used is
established by the job-mix formula.

BITUMINOUS MATERIAL
There are two types of bitumen that are commonly
used in bituminous concrete surface course:
Tar is a viscous liquid obtained from the distillation of coal
or wood.
2. Petroleum asphalts are products of the distillation of crude
oil. There are three major petroleum asphalt products:
1.

Asphalt Cements are produced in various penetration

grade, the most common being penetration grade
200/300, 120/150, 85/100, 60/70 and 40/50.
Liquid Asphalts are asphalts mixed with solvent to
reduce their viscosity and make them easier to at ordinary
temperature. The solvents are gasoline for rapid curing
type; kerosene for medium curing type; and diesel fuel for
slow curing type cutback asphalt.

 Asphalt emulsions are mixtures of asphalt cement

and water with emulsifying agent. Emulsified asphalts
are either cationic emulsion which work better with
wet aggregates and in cold weather, and anionic
emulsion which adhere better to aggregate which
have positive charges.
Blown Asphalt manufactured thru oxidation process.

PENETRATION GRADE OF ASPHALT

The service performance of an asphalt
pavement is greatly influenced by the grade
and quantity of asphalt it contains.
The grade of asphalt cement normally used
ranges from 60/70 to 200/300 penetration.

ESTABLISHING THE JOB-MIX FORMULA:

The producer of the asphalt mix or the
contractor shall submit the job mix formula in
writing at least three weeks prior to
production
for
the
approval
of
the
Project/Material Engineers.
The formula contains provision on grading of
aggregates, percentage and type of asphalt,
temperature of aggregates and asphalt, and
temperature or mixture upon delivery or at
time of compaction.

 The job-mix formula is the primary quality

control mechanism for the production of asphalt
mixture, which shall conform with the following
ranges of tolerances:
Passing no. 4 and larger sieves
+ or -7%
Passing no. 8 to no.100 sieves
+ or -4%
Passing no. 200 sieves
+ or -2%
Bituminous Material
+ or -4%
Temperature of mixtures + or -10C

 The mixture shall have a minimum dry

compressive strength of 1.4 MPa (200psi).
The mixture shall have a mass percent air
voids with the range of 3 to 5.
The mixture shall have an Index of Retained
Strength (IRS) of no less than 70%.

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
(PLACING AND COMPACTION)
The mixture shall be placed at a temperature not less
than 107 degrees centigrade as measured in the truck
just prior to dumping into the spreader.
When tar is used, the mixture shall be placed at
between 66 and 107 degrees centigrade.
Compaction should be done while the mixture is still
hot and workable in order to attain the required
density.
A trial section is done to determine the number of
roller passes that would attain the required density.
The initial or breakdown compaction is done by a
pneumatic-tired roller
( not less than 10 tons) while
final compaction and smoothing is done by a tandem
smoothed-wheeled roller (not less than 10 tons). The
speed of a roller shall not exceed 5 km per hour.

 Rolling shall begin at the sides and proceeds

longitudinally parallel toward the road centerline, each
trip overlapping one-half the rollers width, gradually
progressing to the crown of the road.
After final rolling, the degree of compaction should be
checked. The compacted pavement shall have a
density equal to or greater than 97% of the laboratory
compacted density.
No traffic shall be permitted on the finished pavement
until it has cooled to atmospheric temperature.
The construction requirements shall be in accordance,
whenever applicable, with Item 307, section 307.3.

SAMPLE/TESTING & ACCEPTANCE OF FURNISHED

PAVEMENT
(Per D.O. 181, Series of 2001)
The contractor shall cut full depth samples as directed
from the finished pavement, for testing. Samples shall be
neatly cut by saw or core drill.
Each sample shall be at least 150mm x 150mm or
100mm diameter full depth.
At least one, but not more than three samples, shall be
taken for each full days operation.
If no core samples were taken during the days operation, core
samples shall be taken from the completed pavement for every
100 L.M. per lane.
The contractor shall supply and furnish new material to backfill
voids left by the samples taken.

 The samples obtained will be used to measure the

thickness of the pavement. The same samples will be
used to test the density of the compacted pavement by
AASHTO T-166.
The compacted pavement shall have a density equal to
or greater than 97 mass percent of the density of a
laboratory
specimen.
The
asphalt
pavement
represented by the cores shall not be accepted if the
deficiency in density is more than 2%.
The compacted pavement shall have a thickness
tolerance of negative (-) 5mm. Thickness in excess of
the specified thickness shall not be considered in the
payment of asphalt pavement.
The asphalt pavement represented by the cores shall
not be accepted if the deficiency in the average
thickness is more than 5mm.

SURFACE TOLERANCE
The surface tolerance will be checked by the use of a 3m straight edge, which will be applied at right angles, as
well as parallel to the centerline of the roadbed.
The variation of the surface from the testing edge of the
strength-edge between contacts with the surface shall
not exceed 6mm.
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT (D.O.181, Series of
2001)
The area to be paid for under this item shall be the
number of square meters of asphalt pavement placed
compacted and accepted based on the thickness and
densities of the cores taken in accordance with
subsection 307.10 ( Acceptance, Sampling and Testing ).

BASIS OF PAYMENT
The accepted quantity, measured as
prescribed in section 310.4, shall be paid for at
the contract unit price for Bituminous Concrete
Surface Course, Hot-Laid, which price &
payment shall be full compensation for
furnishing all materials, handling, mixing,
hauling, placing, rolling, compacting, labor,
equipment, tools and incidentals necessary to
complete this item.
Payment will be made under this Item in
square meter.