Uniform circular motion

Angular displacement, angular velocity, angular

acceleration, period, frequency
Centripetal acceleration
Dynamic equation, Centripetal force
Linear vs circular motion
Newtons Law of Gravitation
Weight, Gravity, and satellite in circular orbit

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Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1.

define angular displacement, angular velocity, angular

acceleration, period and frequency.

2.

state the relation between the linear and circular parts of

the motions.

3.

apply Newtons universal laws of gravitation to determine

the weight of a body.

4.

use free-body diagrams to solve problems involving

centripetal forces and accelerations.

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Tie a string to a stone and then swing it above your

head horizontally.

The motion of the stone is an example of circular motion.

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Uniform Circular Motion

Its a motion of a particle around a circle or circular arc
at constant (uniform) speed.
The velocity is always directed tangent to the circle in
the direction of the motion.

2r
v
T
Period T, is the time
required to travel once
around the circle, that is to
complete one revolution.
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Uniform circular motion

In Fig. (a), at time t0 the
velocity is tangent to the
circle at point O and at
a later time t the
velocity is a tangent at
point P.

Fig. (a)

As the object moves from O to P, the radius traces out the

angle , and the velocity vector change the direction.
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 In Fig. (b), the velocity vector at time t is redrawn

with its tail at O parallel to itself.
The angle between the two vectors indicates the
change in the direction.
Since the radii CO and
CP are perpendicular to
the tangent at O and P so
it follows that
90

and 90,
Thus
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Fig. (b)

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 The acceleration a, is the change in v in velocity

divided be elapsed time t, a = v/t.
Fig. (c) shows two velocity vectors oriented at the angle
, together with the vector v that represents the change
in the velocity vectors (vt0 + v)= vt
The resultant velocity vector, v,
has a new direction after an
elapsed time t = t - t0
Part of Fig. (b)

Fig. (c)
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 Fig. (d) shows the sector of

the circle COP.

Part of Fig. (b)

When t is very small the

arc length OP is straight line
and equals to the distance vt
that traveled by the object.
In this limit, COP is an
isosceles triangle with apex
angle .

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Fig. (d)

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Compare COP in Fig (d) with triangle

in Fig (c). They are similar because
both are isosceles triangles with apex
angles labeled are same. Thus

v vt

v
r

Fig. (c)

v
This equation can be solved for
,
t
to show the magnitude of centripetal
acceleration ac,

v v
ac

t
r

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Fig. (d)
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Linear vs Circular
s

r
d 1 ds v

dt r dt r

d 1 dv a

dt r dt r
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Dynamics of
uniform circular motion
When an object is moving in a uniform circular
motion, there is an acceleration towards the center of
the circular path. (centripetal acceleration)
The magnitude of the acceleration is
2

v
2
ac r
r
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To provide this acceleration, there must be a

force acts towards the center of the circular
path.
The force is called the centripetal force.
The magnitude of this force can be
calculated by using Newtons 2nd. law of
motion.

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Equations describing uniform

circular motion

Fc = mac

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v
mv
FC m

r
r

m r
2

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Radius and Centripetal Acceleration

The bobsled track contained turns with
radii of 33 m and 24 m. Find the
centripetal acceleration at each turn for
a speed of 34 m/s, a speed that was
achieved in the two-man event. Express
the answers as multiples of g = 9.8 m/s2.

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UCM and Equilibrium,

Conceptual Problem:
A car moves at a constant speed, and there are
three parts to the motion. It moves along a
straight line toward a circular turn, goes around
the turn, and then moves away along a straight
line. In each of the parts, is the car in
equilibrium?

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Speed and Centripetal Force

The model airplane has a
mass of 0.90 kg and moves at
a constant speed on a circle
that is parallel to the ground.
The path of the airplane and
its guideline lie in the same
horizontal plane, because the
weight of the plane is
balanced by the lift generated
by its wings. Find the tension
in the guideline (length 17 m)
for speed of 19 and 38 m/s.
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Example
A 1200.0 kg car rounded a corner of a radius r = 45 m. If the
coefficient of static friction s = 0.82, what is the greatest speed
the car can have in the corner without skidding?

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Example
If a lateral acceleration of 8.9 m/s2 represents the
maximum ac that can be attained without skidding out
of the circular path, and if the car is traveling at a
constant 45 m/s, what is a minimum radius of curve it
can negotiate? If the driver rounding a flat with
unbanked curve with radius R. If the coefficient of
friction between the tires and road is s, what is the
maximum speed v at which he can take the curve
without skidding?

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Banked Curve

A vehicle can negotiate a circular turn without relying

on static friction to provide the centripetal force if the
turn is banked at an angle relative to the horizontal.
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To provide centripetal force

(without friction) :
mv 2
Fc FN sin
r
FN cos mg
FN sin mv 2 / r

FN cos
mg

v2
tan
rg

For a given speed, v, the centripetal force needed for a turn of

radius r can be obtained by banking the turn at an angle ,
independent of the mass of vehicle.
What would happen if a vehicle moves at a speed much larger
or much smaller than v?
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GRAVITY
Gravity is a fundamental force in sense that cannot be
explained in terms of any other force.
Fundamental forces are: gravitational, electromagnetic and
nuclear forces.
These forces seem to be responsible for everything that
happens in the universe.
Gravitational forces act between all bodies in the universe
and hold together planets, stars and galaxies of stars.
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Gravity
Newton's apple tree,
Trinity College,
Cambridge, England

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A quote by Albert Einstein

"Gravity cannot be held responsible

for people falling in love.
You can't blame gravity for falling in
love.

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Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation

Newton proposed a force law saying that every
particle attracts any other particle with a gravitational
force.
Every particle of matter in the universe attracts
every other particle with a force that is directly
proportional to the product of the masses of the
particles and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them.

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Gravitational Attraction of Spherical Bodies

A uniform sphere with a radius R and mass M, and object of
mass m is brought near the sphere at the distance r from the
center.
Newton showed that, the net
force exerted by the sphere on
the mass, m is the same as if all
the masses of the sphere were
concentrated at its center this
force is,
GmM

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r2
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Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation

The force of gravity between any two point objects of
mass m1 an m2 is attractive and of magnitude

Gm1m2
F
2
r
where G is the universal gravitational
constant, G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
F-gravity forms action-reaction pair.

Dependence of the Gravitational Force

on Separation Distance, r
Gm1m2
F
2
r

The force diminishes rapidly with the distance, but never completely
vanishes. Thus, gravity is a force of infinite range.
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Weight
Previously we defined the weight of a body as the attractive
gravitational force exerted on it by the earth.
Now, we can broaden the definition as: the weight of the
body is the total gravitational force exerted on the body by
all other bodies in the universe.
When the body near the earth, we can neglect all other
gravitational forces and consider the weight as just the
earths gravitational attraction.
At the surface of the moon we can neglect all others forces
and consider the bodys weight to be gravitational attraction
of the moon, and so on.
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So, the weight of a body of mass, m, near the earth surface,

GmM e
F mg
2
re
where Me and re are the mass and radius of the earth respectively.

GM e
so, g 2
re

Me= 5.98 1024 kg

re= 6.38 106 m

For a body of mass, m, at a distance h from the earth surface,

GM e
g
2
h re
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GmM e
So, Weight mg
2
h re
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Mass in Circular Orbit

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Exercise
Determine the average radius of orbit of the moon around the earth based on
its period of orbit.

mE m
mv 2
G 2
r
r

mE
r
m
r G 2E
v
mE T 2
r G 2 2
4 r

v2 G

mE T
r G
4 2
3

me= 5.98 1024 kg

G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2

T = 28 days = 28 24 3600 s = 2.4 106 s

2 r
v
T
2

EPF 0014 PHYSICS I

6.67 10 11

4 2 r 2
v
T2
2

5.98 10 24 2.4 10 6
4 2

= 58.2 1024 m3

r = 387.5 106 m

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Gravitational and Inertial Mass

We have had two definitions of mass:
The property of an object that resists change in state
of motion.
Appears as the constant in Newtons second law
F = ma.
It is called inertial mass.
The property of an object that determines the
strength of the gravitational force
F = mg.
It is called gravitational mass.
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Example
Find the acceleration of gravity on the surface of
the moon.
The lunar rover has a mass of 225 kg. What is its
weight on the earth and on the moon?
[note, the mass of the moon is Mm = 7.35 x 1022 kg
and its radius is Rm = 1.74 x 106 m.]

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Conceptual Question
Other things being equal, would it be
easier to drive at high speed around
unbanked horizontal curve on the moon
than to drive around the same curve on
the earth? Explain.

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REASONINGANDSOLUTION
Themaximumsafespeedwithwhichacarcanround
anunbankedhorizontalcurveofradiusrisgivenby.

v s rg
Sincetheaccelerationduetogravityonthemoonis
roughlyonesixththatonearth,thesafespeedforthesame
curveonthemoonwouldbelessthanthatonearth.In
otherwords,otherthingsbeingequal,itwouldbemore
difficulttodriveathighspeedaroundanunbankedcurve
onthemoonascomparedtodrivingaroundthesamecurve
ontheearth.
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Conceptual Question
A stone is tied to a string and whirled around in
a circular path at a constant speed. Is string
more likely to break when the circle is
horizontal or when it vertical? Account for to
your answer assuming the constant speed is
the same in each case.

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REASONINGANDSOLUTION
Whenthestringiswhirledinahorizontalcircle,the
tensioninthestring,FT,providesthecentripetal
forcewhichcausesthestonetomoveinacircle.
Sincethespeedofthestoneisconstant,andthe
tensioninthestringisconstant.
Whenthestringiswhirledinaverticalcircle,the
tensioninthestringandtheweightofthestoneboth
contributetothecentripetalforce,dependingon
wherethestoneisonthecircle.

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Free body diagrams

Horizontal circle

mv 2
Fx FT cos
r
Fy FT sin mg 0

Vertical circle
At the top of circle

mv 2
Fy FT mg
r
2
mv
FT
mg
r

At the bottom of circle

EPF 0014 PHYSICS I

mv 2
Fy FT mg
r
mv 2
FT
mg
r
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40

 Now, however, the tension increases and decreases as the stone traverses
the vertical circle. When the stone is at the lowest point in its swing, the
tension in the string pulls the stone upward, while the weight of the stone
acts downward. Therefore, the centripetal force is .

mv 2
FT mg
r

Thus

mv 2
FT
mg
r

Thistensionislargerthaninthehorizontalcase.

mv 2
FT
r

Therefore,thestringhasagreaterchanceofbreaking
whenthestoneiswhirledinaverticalcircle.
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Loop the Loop

The rider who perform
the loop-the loop trick
know that he must have
a minimum speed at
the top of the circle to
remain on the track.

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mv1
1. FN1 mg
r

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2. FN2

mv2

3. FN3

mv3
mg
r

4. FN4

mv4

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At point 3,

mv3
FN mg
r

mv3
FN
mg
r
FN 0
2

mv3
mg
r
v3 rg

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The rollercoaster
At what minimum speed must a roller coaster be traveling when upside
down at the top of a circle so that the passengers will not fall out? Assume a
radius of curvature of 7.4 m.

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