Anatomy & Physiology:

An Introduction

An Overview of Anatomy

Anatomy - The study

of the structure of the

human body
Physiology - The

study of the functions

of the human body

Branches of Anatomy

o Surface anatomy

(outside)
o Gross anatomy

(inside)
o Microscopic

anatomy (histology)
-tissues

Structural Organization
Chemical level atoms &

molecules
Cellular level cells
Tissue level a group of cells
performing a common function
Organ level a structure made
up of more than one type of
tissue
Organ system organs working
together for a common purpose
Organism the result of all

Structural Organization

The Integumentary System

Forms external body covering

Protects deeper tissues from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Site of cutaneous receptors (pain,
pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil
glands

The Skeletal System

Protects and
supports body
organs
Provides a
framework for
muscles
Blood cells
formed within
bones
Stores minerals

The Muscular System

Allows

manipulation
of
environment
Provide
mobility
Facial
expression
Maintains
posture
Produces heat

The Nervous System

Fast-acting

control system
Responds to

internal and
external
changes
Uses senses to

collect
information

The Endocrine System

Glands

secrete
hormones
that
regulate
Growth
Reproducti

on
Nutrient

The Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels

transport blood
Carries oxygen

and carbon
dioxide
Also carries

nutrients and
wastes
Heart pumps

The Lymphatic System

Picks up fluid

leaked from blood

vessels
Disposes of debris

in the lymphatic
system
Houses white

blood cells
(lymphocytes)

The Respiratory System

Keeps blood supplied with

oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Gas exchange occurs through

walls of air sacs in the lungs

The Digestive System

Breaks

down food
into
absorbable
units
Indigestible

foodstuffs
eliminated
as feces

The Urinary System

Eliminates

nitrogenous
wastes
(urea)
Regulates

water,
electrolyte,
and acidbase
balance

Reproductive System
Overall function is to produce
offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex
hormones
Ovaries produce eggs and female
sex hormones
Mammary glands produce milk

Necessary Life
Functions:

List eight functions that humans

must perform to maintain life.
Compare your answers with your
partners answers.
List five survival needs of the
human body. Which do you think
is the most important and why?

Maintaining Life
God has put all parts of our body together in
the way that he decided is best. A body isnt
really a body, unless there is more than one
part. It takes many parts to make a single
body. Thats why the eyes cannot say they
dont need the hands. Thats also why the
head cannot say it doesnt need the feet. In
fact, we cannot get along without the parts
of the body that seem to be the weakest.
1 Corinthians 12:18-22

Homeostasis
When body functions interact

to maintain a stable internal

environment in the body.
NECESSARY FOR SURVIVAL

and good health.

Loss of homeostasis results in

illness or disease. (homeostatic

imbalance)

Homeostasis
Three components interact to maintain
homeostasis.
Receptor
Receptor

(a nerve
ending)

Control
Center
(the
brain)

Effector

(a
muscle)

Feedback
Negative
Feedback

Almost all homeostatic

control mechanisms
are negative feedback
mechanisms.
The output reduces the
original effect of the
stimulus..
Example: Temperature
control, you get hot,
you sweat and breathe
harder

Positive
The
output
Feedback

enhances the
original stimulus.
Exact opposite of
negative feedback.
Example:
Childbirth, oxytocin
is produced to
increase the
severity and speed
of contractions until
the baby is

Anatomical Position:
A common visual

reference point, always

assume patient or
subject is in anatomical
position.
Person stands erect

with feet together and

eyes forward.
Palms face forward

with the thumbs

pointed away from the
body.

Directional terminology
Refers to the

body in
anatomical
position
Standardized

terms of
directions are
paired.

Superior:

toward
the head (above)

Ex: The forehead is

superior to the nose.

Inferior:
away from the head
(below)

Ex.: The naval is

inferior to the
breastbone.

Anterior:

toward
the front (in front of)

Ex: The breastbone

anterior
is anterior to the
spine.
posterio
r

Posterior:
Toward the backside
(behind)

posterior
Ex.: The

heart is
posterior to the
breastbone.
anterior

Medial:

toward
the midline (middle)
Ex: The heart is
medial to the
shoulder.

Lateral:
away from the
midline (outside)
Ex.: The arms are
lateral to the chest.

THESE ARE USED TO Describe LIMBS!!!

Proximal:

closer
to the attachment
point

Ex: The elbow is

proximal to the wrist

Distal:
Farther away from
attachment point
Ex.: The ankle is
distal to the thigh.

Superficial:

Deep:

toward or at the
body surface

Far from the surface

of the body, internal

Ex: The skin in

superficial to the
skeleton

Ex.: The lungs are

deeper than the rib cage.

Superficial

Deep

Regional Terms
You will need to study and
memorize ALL the following
terms!
These are landmarks we will
use for the rest of the year to
identify areas of the body.

Regional Terms
Buccal

Deltoid

Picasso Anatomy Lab

1. Create an anatomically correct mosaic portrait.
2. Find and cut out pictures of all of the new
anatomical terminology.
3. Assemble and glue your mosaic portrait to a
piece of cardstock. (anterior and posterior views)
4. LABEL all of the pieces you have cut out.
NUMBER each of your labels so you can be sure
that you have gotten them all.
5. If it is a body region that is not normally visible,
please draw an arrow near the spot that the
region should be.
6. You may use your diagrams from class or the
diagrams in your textbook as a reference.

Body Planes and Sections

MIDSAGITTAL (MEDIAN)
PLANE - plane that lies
vertically in the midline,
divides the body into a
right and left side.

Body Planes and Sections

CORONAL (FRONTAL)
PLANE- vertical plane
that divides body into
anterior and posterior
parts

Body Planes and Sections

TRANSVERSE (AXIAL)
PLANE horizontally
divides body into
superior and inferior
parts (think guillotine)

Body Cavities and Membranes

DORSAL BODY
CAVITIES:
Cavity subdivided

into the cranial

cavity and the
vertebral cavity.

Cranial cavity

houses the brain.

(A)

Vertebral cavity

runs through the

vertebral column
and encloses the

Body Cavities & Membranes

VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES:

Subdivisions:
Thoracic cavity

Diaphragm
Pleural Cavities
Mediastinum
Pericardial

Cavity

Abdominopelvic
cavity

M
u

uch l
d
arg
do
orrssa
er t
all c
han
H
a
c
v
a
viitty
Ho
ou
y..
u
s
e
s
s
e
o
sm
orrg
ga
an
osstt v
nss.. mo
viitta
all

Other body Cavities

ORAL CAVITY Mouth
DIGESTIVE CAVITY Contains digestive
organs & opens to the exterior of the body
NASAL CAVITY nose and area posterior
to the nose, part of respiratory system
ORBITAL CAVITIES house the eyes
MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES house the bones
that transmit sound to receptors

Abdominal Regions & Quadrants

ABDOMINAL REGIONS divide the abdomen into
nine sections

Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants

divide the abdomen into

four QUADrants
Right upper and left

upper quadrants
Right lower and left

lower quadrants
REMEMBER: Your

patient is in
anatomical position,
and we always use the
PATIENTS right/left