BUSDUCTSLIDES

FOR PRINTING HANDOUT TEXT

OCTOBER 09 1999

STATOR EARTH FAULT

RELAY 64S

STATOR
WINDINGS

DISTBN.
TRANSF.

64S

VOLTAGE OPERATED
NEUTRAL DISPLACEMENT
IDMT TYPE 5-20 V
ACA - BUS -

LOAD
RESISTANCE

64S

SENSITIVE CURRENT
OPERATED
A. C. ARON
99 07 24

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL - 2
CT A (n/1)

CT B (n/1)
T

87

If
RL Lead Resistance
RCT CT B
SATUR.

CT A
IS RST
ACTIVE
VS
87
If/n
Max. Vs that can appear under thro fault = If/n {RCT+2RL}
Relay voltage setting to be >Vs.For current relay, choose RST
such that Is remains below relay setting.
CTs to have a knee point voltage >2Vs to ensure that current
thro relay is > twice the setting current when internal fault
occurs for fast & positive operation of the relay.
A. C. ARON
99 07 24

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL - 4
BIASED DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Biased differential relay is used when

TG +GT are treated as single zone. Y
GT is compensated by Y CT connection.
For unit auxiliary transformers, CTs are
provided on UAT tap off.

ET

UAT

GT
Y

CT
Y
Y

87

INTERPOSING
CT

UNBALANCED LOADING
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY 46
R
Y
B
ZB

IB

IR VR + VB = 0
VR
IB

VB

IY

ZR I R
46

IR
VR
IB

VR + VB
VB
IY

ROTOR EARTH FAULT - 2

+
-

AUX AC
SUPPLY

FIELD
WINDING

RELAY

ROTOR EARTH FAULT - 4

SOURCE: PAPER BY SH Y K PANDHARIPANDE, NASIK JUL 1999

POTENTIOMETER
2nd

1st

AUX AC
SUPPLY
+

mA

TRIP

64R2

64R1 1st E/F

Balance
Test
2nd E/F

FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION - 2

UNDER CURRENT RELAY
FCB
FIELD
WINDG.

D.R.
50

T1
T2

ALARM / TRIP

EXCITATION
50:FIELD UNDER
CURR RELAY
T1 OFF DELAY
TIMER 0.1-1S
T2 ON DELAY
TIMER 0.1-1S

The relay requires access to field hence

limitation for its use for brushless
systems.

ACA - BUS -

A. C. ARON
99 07 23

FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION - 4

MHO TYPE RELAY - 2

X
LOCUS
R

MHO relay settings are:

TG with rotor angle
OFFSET
of 90 no lead PF opern:
DIA
Offset = 0.50 Xd
Diameter= Xd
TG with rotor angle of
OFFSET MHO
120 & lead PF operation:
RELAY
Offset = 0.75 Xd
Diameter= 0.5 Xd

BACK UP PROTECTION - 2

TIME Sec

Voltage controlled over-current relays

are applied for directly connected m/cs.
Relay characteristic shifts from overcurrent to fault when input voltage falls
below preset level. 28
21

The relay is time 14

7
coordinated with
0
the down stream
back up protections.

OVERLOAD
CURRENT

BACK UP PROTECTION - 4
GEN

GEN TRANSF

LR

BACK UP 21
RELAY
GEN VT

INTER
EARTHING
POSING
TRANSFORMER
VT

51N

STANDBY
E/F RELAY

Zset = ZT + n ZL
ZT is gen transf. leakage impedance, ZL longest line
impedance, n=No of TGs.in //. Upper limit of Zset
decided by max load on TG & 80% load impedance
A. C. ARON 9907 26

ACA - BUS -

POLE SLIPPING - 3
SOURCE: PAPER BY Y K PANDHARIPANDE, NASIK 1999

OHM
RELAY 2

OHM
X RELAY 1

ZONE ZONE
E
D

ZONE
C C
ZS

B
XT
O
XG

EG > ES
POWER SWING LOCUS
EG = ES
R
EG < ES

A
EG
ACA - BUS -

XG

XT

ZS

ES

A. C. ARON
99 07 28

AGING OF MACHINES - CIGRE

REPORT DEC. 1994 BY FENTON & GOTT

This is based on experience feedback for

machines in operation for last 14 to19 yrs.
and commissioned during 1955 - 1980
and from 16 countries.
Older designs are more aging prone. Root
causes are mechanical in origin.
Deterioration of electrical properties and
mechanical properties due either to temp.
or fatigue is not a major aging cause.

AGING : CIGRE REPORT - 2

Stator core: Tightness is critical. Core
ends are more critical due to higher temp.
but do not limit life. Axial magnetic fields
cause forces and vibrations.
Leading p.f. operation worsens above, but
current limited operations do not much
contribute to aging. No experience with
long term operation with leading p.f.

AGING : CIGRE REPORT - 3

Water cooled windings subjected to lesser
stresses due to low temp. differentials.
Conventional cooled are prone to aging.
Old asphalt - mica flake insulation system
prone to aging, as compared to modern
thermo-set mica paper systems.
Aging most dependent on good restraint
of bars in slots & takes place due to wear,
slot discharges or slot vibration sparking.

AGING : CIGRE REPORT - 4

End winding aging is more, if there is
relative motion of its components. Loose
components may either dig and wear into
insulation and fail or allow motion of stator
bars, that can also lead to failures.
Varied or limited experience with regard to
large ratings, where bars are by design
allowed to move axially.
ACA - GENINFO-23/60

AGING : CIGRE REPORT - 5

Rotor windings age as a result of relative
motion between components. Turning
gear operation and start- stop cycles are
important to aging. Dielectric failures are
attributed to mechanical degradation or
contamination - often with copper.
Rotor inter turn insulation displacements,
cracking of slot liners due to copper
distortion and local pressures reported.

AGING : CIGRE REPORT - 6

Transfer of copper from coils to various
insulating components is a recurring issue
& is relevant to all components particularly
slot top liners & in rotor overhang spacers.
It is mostly due to barring gear operation.
Effect of cumulative slippage between the
components leads to insulation movement
and thus to ventilation blockages and to
thermal unbalances.

AGING : CIGRE REPORT - 7

Control of machine coolant temperatures
is considered beneficial though little. It
reduces relative motion between parts e.g.
stator bars and the stator core.
Mostly machines are designed based on
10,000 start / stop cycles.
Daily load
changes from say full load to half are
considered common.

AGING : CIGRE REPORT - 8

Inspection is considered surest way to
evaluate aging. Operating data and off line
tests offer useful info, but best combined
with inspection to make final determination
of any loss of life.
Most off line and on line methods rely
heavily on comparison with base line data
and require expertise to make evaluations.
PDA & EMI (electromagnetic interference)
require great skills due to high frequency...

AGING : CIGRE REPORT - 9

...measurements and only see part of m/c.
Load dependant vibration of rotors, or
thermal unbalance is frequently the result
of field current changes.
Fit of conductors in slots, friction, blocking
of vent-passages are causes of thermal
unbalance, as each of these can cause
non-uniform winding expansions leading
to slight bowing of rotor forging.
ACA - GENINFO - 28/60

LIFE EXTENSION STUDIES

SOURCE : PAPER BY SH K. SATYANARAYANA OF CORP R & D BHEL HYD 1994

Visual inspections are done on stator and rotor

Stator wdgs.: Change in colour and texture of
coil surfaces, contamination by grease / oil;
Presence of white or any other powders.
Looseness of wedges, spacers and bindings.
Erosion or abrasions. Signs of cracks near
nose joints. Looseness of fasteners.
Stator core: Compactness, fusion /overheating
marks, electrical shorts between laminations.

LIFE EXTENSION STUDIES - 2

Condition of flexible core bars, vent-ducts

for loose / broken spacers, deposits on core
iron laminations. Locking of press ring nuts.
Rotor is inspected for signs of overheating
specially in the zone of end wedges and near
wedge joints. Cracks in wedges, rotor body
and retaining rings and nuts. Cracks on body
ends under the retaining rings. Condition of
ventilation ducts for clear openings, of field
lead connections, and current carrying bolts.

LIFE EXTENSION STUDIES - 3

Mechanical components like bearing liners
and their contact areas, hydrogen shaft seals,
generator terminal bushings, oil catchers,
fan blades surfaces for cracks /erosion. Slip
rings, slip ring insulation and brush-gear.
Visually inspect for any cracks in tooth heads
of rotor shaft, for any loose balancing weights.

LIFE EXTENSION STUDIES - 4

ELECTRICAL TESTS

DC Leakage current Test: Detects serious

flaws like cracks, punctures and shorts.
Ohm Farad Test: State of cure, influence of
moisture and contamination.
Polarization Index:Serious flaws,cleanliness,
moisture absorption esp. in Bitumen wdgs.
Tangent Delta Test: Stress grading, dielectric
losses and homogeneity of insulation.
ACA - GENINFO - 32/60

LIFE EXTENSION STUDIES - 5

ELECTRICAL TESTS

Dielectric Loss Analysis: Reflects changes in

structural integrity as a result of cumulative
stressing of insulation.
AC & DC HV proof tests: Local weak spots,
minimum insulation level of the winding.
ROTOR WDG.: Winding resistance, 50 Hz
impedance values at standstill and at speed,
PI value, OCC characteristics. Any other
special tests to detect inter-turn weaknesses.

LIFE EXTENSION STUDIES - 6

ELECTRICAL TESTS

STATOR CORE:
Power core loss and
ELCID tests to detect inter laminar shorts.
Instrumental analyses: Insulation material
from generator are removed and tested for
degradation assessment compared to original
and generic nature of materials. Thermo
Gravimetric Analysis, Thermo Mechanical
Analyzer and Infra Red Spectrography are
used in laboratory.

LIFE EXTENSION STUDIES - 7

ON LINE MONITORING

Monitoring techniques are used to assess

machine health continuously with reference to
base values true for the new.
Radio Frequency Monitoring
Partial Discharge Analyzer: Assesses stress
control layers, de-lamination and slot support
tightness.
Winding vibration monitoring: Condition
of overhang blocking and bracing.

ACA - GENINFO - 35/60

LIFE EXTENSION STUDIES - 8

ON LINE MONITORING

Generator Condition Monitor (GCM): Detects

material decomposition due to local hot spots.
Temp.measurements: In water cooled winding
they indicate flow choking. RTDs located in
slot bottom indicate condition of core.
Overheating due to impaired ventilation in
direct cooled rotor windings. Adequacy of
machine ventilation and cooling water status
is also shown.
ACA - GENINFO - 36 / 60

LIFE EXTENSION STUDIES

-MERIT RATING SYSTEM

(SOURCE : PAPER BY DR M V DALAL, SH N V SATYANARAYNA, SH P G AGASHE)

Following parameters are selected :

Ohm - Farad, Loss tangent at 0.2 VL.
Change in loss tang between VL & 0.2 VL.
Dielectric loss energy at Vph and VL.
Change in capacitance from zero start.
PI value, Indications from GCM if any.
Deterioration per 1000 Hrs of operation.
Deterioration per 1000 cycles of start/stop.

LIFE EXTENSION STUDIES

MERIT RATING SYSTEM

Following weightage factors can be given to

various parameters involved :
Visual inspection
20
Operating conditions
10
Environmental conditions 10
Historical conditions
10
Electrical measurements
50
Merit rating & weightage factors are subject
to change depending upon experience.

RESIDUAL LIFE ASSESSMENT

SOURCE: PAPER BY DEVINDER SINGH RLA OF TGs FEEDBACK,3/1998

Equipment required:
HV Transformer 30 - 35 KVA, 0- 25KV LV
side insulated from body.
DC source 50V, 500-1000A for rotor E/F
Isolated variable voltage AC source for
rotor impedance test 0 - 240V, 80A.
400 V, 700-800 A, single ph supply with
single core unarmored cable for core
flux test.

HV DC TEST ON A 100 MW TG
70
LEAKAGE 60
CURRENT 50
MICRO AMP

40
30
20
10
0
ACA - GENINFO - 40/60

3.5

5 6 7 8 9
DC VOLTAGE KV

10 11
A. C. ARON
99 08 08

HV DC TEST ON A 210 MW TG
SAMICATHERM EPOXY INSULATION
(TG WITH 1 LAKH HRS OPERATION)

LEAKAGE
CURRENT
MICRO AMP

6
4
2
0
8.4

ACA - GENINFO - 41 / 60

11.1

14.3

17.3
DC HV

20.2

22.2

24.1
A. C. ARON
99 08 08

TAN DELTA VALUES

TG
100 MW
1 LAKH HRS.

50 MW
1 LAKH HRS.

KV
1.2
4.8
5.0
6.6

R
Y
B
0.0390 0.0397 0.0374
0.0407 0.0405 0.0386
-0.061
0.057
0.09
0.086
0.083

210 MW

3.1
0.0097 0.0096 0.0097
1 LAKH HRS. 15.75 0.0158 0.0162 0.0154
210 MW
NEW

3.1 0.0107 0.0101 0.0109

15.75 0.0183 0.0172 0.0177