`

EVOLUTION
OF
PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT

Rodolfo B. Vadenarro Jr.

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VISION

A premier university in CALABARZON, offering

academic

programs

and

related

services

designed to respond to the requirements of the

Philippines and the global economy, particularly
in

Asian

Countries.

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MISSION

The University shall primarily provide advanced education, professional,

technological and vocational instruction in agriculture, fisheries, forestry,
science, engineering, industrial technologies, teacher education, medicine,
law, arts and sciences, information technologies and other related fields. It
shall also undertake research and extension services and provide
progressive

leadership

in

its

areas

of

specialization.

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GOALS

In pursuit of the college vision/mission the

College of Education is committed to develop the
full potentials of the individuals and equip them
with knowledge, skills and attitudes in Teacher
Education allied fields to effectively respond to
the

increasing

opportunities

of

demands,
changing

challenges
time

for

and
global

competitiveness.

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Produce graduate who can demonstrate and practice the

professional and ethical requirement for the Bachelor of
Secondary Education such as:

1. To serve as positive and powerful role models in pursuit of

learning thereby maintaining high regards to professional
growth.
2. Focus on the significance of providing wholesome and
desirable learning environment.
3. Facilitate learning process in diverse type of learners.
4. Use varied learning approaches and activities, instructional
materials and learning resources.
5. Use assessment data plan and revise teaching learning
plans.
6. Direct and strengthen the links between school and
community activities.
7. Conduct research and development in Teacher Education
and other related activities.

OBJECTIVES OF BSED

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This Teachers Module entitled Evolution of Philippine Government is part of

the requirements in Educational Technology 2 under the revised Education Curriculum
based on CHED Memorandum Order (CMO)-30, Series of 2004. Educational Technology 2
is a three (3)-unit course designed to introduce both traditional and innovative
technologies to facilitate and foster meaningful and effective learning where students are
expected to demonstrate a sound understanding of the nature, application and
production
of
the
various
types
of
educational
technologies.

The students are provided with guidance and assistance of selected faculty
members of the College through the selection, production and utilization of appropriate
technology tools in developing technology-based teacher support materials. Through the
role and functions of computers especially the Internet, the student researchers and the
advisers are able to design and develop various types of alternative delivery systems.
These kinds of activities offer a remarkable learning experience for the education
students as future mentors especially in the preparation and utilization of instructional
materials.

The output of the groups effort on this enterprise may serve as a contribution to the
existing body of instructional materials that the institution may utilize in order to provide
effective
and
quality
education.

RODOLFO B. VALDENARRO Jr.

Module Developer

FOREWORD

GLAIZA R. D CADAPAN
Module Developer

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FOREWORD
This Teachers Module entitled Evolution of Philippine Government is part of the requirements
in Educational Technology 2 under the revised Education Curriculum based on CHED Memorandum Order
(CMO)-30, Series of 2004. Educational Technology 2 is a three (3)-unit course designed to introduce both
traditional and innovative technologies to facilitate and foster meaningful and effective learning where
students are expected to demonstrate a sound understanding of the nature, application and production of
the
various
types
of
educational
technologies.

The students are provided with guidance and assistance of selected faculty members of the College
through the selection, production and utilization of appropriate technology tools in developing technologybased teacher support materials. Through the role and functions of computers especially the Internet, the
student researchers and the advisers are able to design and develop various types of alternative delivery
systems. These kinds of activities offer a remarkable learning experience for the education students as
future mentors especially in the preparation and utilization of instructional materials.

The output of the groups effort on this enterprise may serve as a contribution to the existing body of
instructional materials that the institution may utilize in order to provide effective and quality education.

FOR-IAN V. SANDOVAL

Computer Instructor / Adviser

Educational Technology 2
Estanislao A. Ramos
Module Consultant
LYDIA R. CHAVEZ
Dean College of Education

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Acknowledgement

The Author would like to extend her gratitude and appreciation to the following persons who
sincerely contributed their ideas and knowledge to make this module better and possible;
Mrs. Lydia R. Chavez, dean of Education, for her support and guidance that makes
the author strong and dedicated for this module;
Mr. Estanislao A. Ramos, our module consultant, for his moral support and ideas for
the module;
Mr. For-Ian V. Sandoval, our module adviser, who always present and willing to help
the author every time we need help;
Dr. Corazon San Agustin, our first teacher about how to do a module, for her inspiration
and motivation for this matter and for being her next mom in this module;
Our family, for their non-stop support, financially, morally and spiritually. For their advices
and concern to the author from the very start up to the last;
Our Lord Jesus Christ, thank you for making the author always inspired and for giving us
strength and faith to finish this module;
Everyone who helped for this module, thank you so much and God bless you all.

AUTHORS

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Introduction

A government is the body within a community, political entity or organization which

has the authority to make and enforce rules, laws and regulations.
Typically, the term "government" refers to a civil government or sovereign state which
can be either local, national, or international. However, commercial, academic, religious, or
other formal organizations are also governed by internal bodies. Such bodies may be called
boards of directors, managers, or governors or they may be known as the administration
(as in schools) or councils of elders (as in churches). The size of governments can vary by
region or purpose.
Growth of an organization advances the complexity of its government, therefore small
towns or small-to-medium privately-operated enterprises will have fewer officials than
typically larger organizations such as multinational corporations which tend to have multiple
interlocking, hierarchical layers of administration and governance. As complexity increases
and the nature of governance become more complicated, so does the need for formal
policies and procedures.
There are a wide range of theories about the reasons for establishing governments.
There are four major reasons for establishing a government: greed and oppression, order
and tradition, natural rights, and social contract.

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In a republic, voters hold sovereign power. The citizens elect or acquiesce to

representatives. These representatives are charged with the responsibility of carrying out
the administration of the government according to the law rather than their wishes or the
wishes of the people. Under a true republic, citizens are subject to a written body of laws
rather than to the whims of one man or a group of men.
In His relationship with man, God has established three institutions for the wellbeing
of mankind. These institutions are the family, government, and the church. At different
times in history, these authority structures have been more or less influential in the
affairs of men. At some times and places, the family was the primary authority; at other
times and in some places, it was the church; and at others it was the government. In
practically every nation on Earth today, the government is the primary ruling body, and
in some cases it has taken the power that rightfully belongs to the family and the church.
Government is a necessity to man. If all of mans laws and constitutions were based
on Scriptural principles, then crime and prejudice would be eliminated from our societies,
and we would not have to experience injustice, slavery, oppression and war. But the
likeliness of all men following the principles is almost nonexistent. Man is too likely to drift
from Gods way. Unfortunately, man continues to neglect the principles contained in the
Bible.

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An island republic in the western Pacific Ocean, within the Malay Archipelago, an
island grouping that extends southward to include Indonesia and Malaysia. The
Philippines comprises more than 7,100 islands, but the 11 largest islands form most of
the countrys land area. The mountainous terrain includes many active volcanoes. The
location of the Philippines just north of the equator gives the country a moderate tropical
climate suited for the cultivation of export crops such as coconuts and pineapples.
Agriculture has long formed the backbone of the economy. After World War II (19391945) the Philippines was one of the first nations of Southeast Asia to try to industrialize
its economy. It subsequently lagged behind most of its Asian neighbors in economic
development. Manila, located on east central Luzon Island, is the national capital and
largest city. The republics cultural institutions, industries, and federal government are
concentrated in this rapidly growing metropolitan area.
The people of the Philippines are called Filipinos. Most Filipinos are of Malay descent.
Filipinos of mixed descent (through various combinations of Malay, Chinese, and Spanish
intermarriage) have traditionally formed the countrys elite in business and politics.
Nearly 83 million people live in the Philippines. The republic has one of the highest
population-growth rates in the world. About 40 percent of the population lives in poverty
while wealthy minorities hold most political power. The official languages are English and
Filipino (formerly spelled Pilipino), which is based on the indigenous Tagalog language.
More than 80 other indigenous languages and dialects are also spoken, and the people of
the Philippines are divided into regional ethno linguistic groups. The Philippines is the only
predominantly Christian country in Asia, a result of its colonization by the Spanish Empire
in the 16th century. Muslims, often called Moros, live predominantly in the southern
islands and form a small but significant religious minority.

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General Objectives

At the end of this module, the students are expected to:

1. Identify the transitions of the Philippine government;
2. Recall past events that happen in the Philippine history;
3. Explain important events that remain to be uncertified;
4. Analyze the relationship of the past and the present;
5. Develop the students understanding and awareness on the past
and present day
issues and problems;
6. Practice good values and traits;
7 . Increase their appreciation to the works of the great man and
woman of the
nation;
8. Improve their sense of nationhood;
9. Play the role of a good citizens of the country; and
10. Follow the rules and laws of the nation.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
VMGOs
Foreword
Acknowledgement
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
General Objectives
UNIT 1 First Philippine Republic
Lesson 1; The Founding of Katipunan
Lesson 2; The Malolos Congress
UNIT 2 First Commonwealth in the Philippines
Lesson 3; World War 1 (1914-1918)
Lesson 4; Military Government
Lesson 5; Civil Government
Lesson 6; 1935 Constitution
Less0n 7; Commonwealth Government

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UNIT 3 Second Commonwealth in the Philippines

Lesson 8; World War 2
Lesson 9; The Fall of Bataan
UNIT 4 Second Philippine Republic
Lesson 10; 1943 Constitution
Lesson 11; Government Changes Under the Republic
Lesson 12; The Restoration of the Commonwealth
UNIT 5 Third Commonwealth and Third Philippine Republic
Lesson 13; Presidents under the Third Philippine Commonwealth and
Third Republic of the Philippines
Lesson 14; The Making of new Constitution
Lesson 15; Plaza Miranda Massacre
UNIT 6 Fourth Philippine Republic
Lesson 16 Aquinos Assassination
Lesson 17; Adoption Of The 1973 Constitution
References
Slideshare

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UNIT I
FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

Objectives:
To describe important events that happens during Revolutionary Period
To give importance to the role of the Filipino Revolutionary Leaders
To compare Katipunan from Biak na Bato Republic
To identify the achievements of the Malolos Congress

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Overview
The First Philippine Republic was formed after the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the
events of the collapse of the Spanish rule over the Philippines. It adopted the
Constitucin Poltica de la Repblica Filipina, drawn up by the Philippine Constitutional Convention in the
Barasoain Church in Malolos in 1899 to replace the dictatorial government set up by the Pact of Biak-naBato in July 7, 1897. It was approved by Aguinaldo and ten delegates to the
Assembly of Representatives on January 21, 1899. The convention earlier elected Aguinaldo president
on January 1, 1899, leading to his inauguration on January 23 on the same year.

Temporary triumphal arch commemorating election of Aguinaldo, 1899

In 1899, after the Malolos Constitution was ratified, the Universidad Literia de
Filipinas was established in Malolos, Bulacan. It offered Law as well as Medicine,
Surgery and Notary Public;
Academia Militar which was established on October 25, 1898; and the Burgos
Institute, an exclusive school for boys.
The establishment of the Philippine Republic was the culmination of the
Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. Independence was declared on June 12,
1898 and the dictatorial government then in place was replaced by a revolutionary
government headed by Emilio Aguinaldo as president on June 23, 1898. The U.S.
abolished the Philippine Republic in 1899 and continued its annexation of the islands
pursuant to the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American War. The Philippines
was under US sovereignty until 1946, when formal independence
was grantedback
by the
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THE FOUNDING OF
KATIPUNAN

LESSON 1
Objectives:

To identify the role of Katipunan in achieving Philippine independence

To share the values and advocacy of Katipunan
To recognize the officials and members of the Biak-na Bato Republic

Blood compact of the members of Katipunan

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Andres Bonifacio, a member of La Liga Filipina, did not join the Compromisos who
were conservative intellectuals (like Mabini and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista) and
affluent merchants (like Domingo Franco) because he was both poor and a man of action
and radical views. He firmly believed that the happiness and welfare of the Filipino people
could not be achieved by peaceful requests for reforms, but by violent revolution.
On the night of July 7, 1892, he and some patriotic friends who were radicals like
him, met secretly in the house occupied by Deodato Arellano (brother in law of M.H. del
Pilar) at no. 72 Azcarraga Street, Tondo Manila. At this secret meeting, they founded the
secret revolutionary society called Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan( Highest and Respected Society of the Sons of the People), otherwise
known as K.K.K. or simply Katipunan.
The aims of the K.K.K. were (1) to unite the Filipinos and (2) to fight for the Philippine
independence.
The emergence of the Katipunan was significant in the history of the Philippines.
First it marked the end of peaceful campaign for reforms and the beginning of a militant
revolutionary movement. And second, the Filipino people, in despair, no longer aspired
for mere reforms, but for complete independence.

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THE BIAK-NA BATO REPUBLIC

Pact of Biak-na Bato Filipino negotiators

Toward the end of October, 1897, during a lull of hostilities, President Aguinaldo
convened an assembly of revolutionary generals and leaders of Biak-na bato. This
assembly decided to continue the libertarian war at all cost and establish a Biak-na bato
Republic.
On November 1, 1897, the Biaknabato republic was inaugurated under
constitution written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer. This constitution was patterned
closely after the Cuban constitution of 1895. The officials of Biak-na bato Republic were:

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President: Emilio Aguinaldo

Secretary of Interior: Isabelo Artacho

Secretary of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios

Vice President: Mariano Trias

Secretary of Treasury: Baldomero Aguinaldo

Secretary of Foreign Affairs:

Antonio Montenegro

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The Biak-na Bato Constitution affects only two for years. It

declares that the aim of revolution was the separation into an
independent state. It vested the government in a Supreme council
comprise of President, Vice President and four Secretaries. This
Council could give orders with the force of law, impose and collect
taxes, and supervise direct military operations.
The executive power resided in the President, and in his
absence, in the Vice President. The judicial power was vested in a
Supreme Council of Grace and Justice. The official language of the
Republic was Tagalog. The Biak-na Bato Constitution also contained a
Bill of Rights to safeguard the human rights of people.

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A. Read and answer the questions provided.

Kartillia of Katipunan

ACTIVITY 1

Emilio Jacinto

1. A life that is not dedicated to a noble cause is like a tree without a shade or a poisonous weed.

2. A deed lacks nobility if it is motivated by self-interest and not by a sincere desire to help.
3. True piety consists of being charitable, loving ones fellow men, and being judicious in behavior, speech
and deed.
4. All persons are equal, regardless of the color of their skin. While one could have more schooling, wealth,
or beauty than another, all that does not make one more human than anybody else.
5. A person with a noble character values honor above self-interest, while a person with a base character
values self-interest above honor.
6. To a person of honor, his/her word is a pledge.
7. Dont waste time; lost wealth can be retrieved, but time lost is lost forever.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
9. The wise person is careful in all he/she has to say and is discreet about things that need to be kept
secret./ An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that must
be guarded.
10. In the thorny path of life, the man leads the way and his wife and children follow. If the leader goes the
way to perdition, so do the followers. (Note: This begins with an observation of the vertical relationship of
husband and wife during the time of the Katipunan; now, we can say that the parents lead the way and
the children follow.)
11. Never regard a woman as an object for you to trifle with; rather you should consider her as a partner
and helpmate. Give proper consideration to a womans frailty and never forget that your own mother,
who brought you forth and nurtured you from infancy, is herself such a person.

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12. Dont do to the wife, children, brothers, and sisters of others what you do not want done to your wife,
children, brothers, and sisters.
13. A mans worth is not measured by his station in life, neither by the height of his nose nor the fairness of
skin, and certainly not by whether he is a priest claiming to be Gods deputy. Even if he a tribesman from
the hills and speaks only his tongue, a man has fine perceptions and is loyal to his native land.
14. When these teachings shall have been propagated and the glorious sun of freedom begins to shine on
these poor Islands to enlighten a united race and people, then all the lives lost, all the struggle and the
sacrifices will not have been in vain.
Questions:
1. Explain each provisions of the Kartilla.
2. What is the main aim of the Kartilla? Choose your answer.
a. To show concern for others
b. To become a good citizen
c. To become obedient
3. Does the Katipuneros need to follow it? Explain your answer.
B. Form at least three groups and do the task provided.
1. Make a diorama that shows different events that happen in Katipunan.
2. Show in terms of role playing the following:
a. Founding of Katipunan
b. Recruiting the members of Katipunan
3. Write an article on the life of
a. Andres Bonifacio
b. Emilio Aguinaldo
c. Emilio Jacinto

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LESSON 2

THE MALOLOS CONGRESS

Objectives:
To show the importance of having a constitution in one country
To discuss the making of Malolos Constitution
To draw from memory the events on the inauguration of Malolos Constitution

Opening of Malolos Congress at the Barasoain Church

Malolos , Bulacan on September 15,1898

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On the sunny morning of September 15, 1898, the Malolos Congress

was inaugurated at the Barasoain church, Malolos, Bulacan, amidst colorful
festivities. In his presidential message, Aguinaldo paid tribute to the
patriotism of the people and called on history to witness the work of the
delegates in writing a new constitution.
Lawyers, physicians, pharmacists, teachers, engineers, businessmen,
farmers, army officers and writers. Many were college graduate and also
educated in European universities.
The next day, the officers of the congress were elected by majority vote.
They were Dr. Pedro Paterno, president; Bennito Legarda, vice president; and
Gregorio Araneta and Pablo Ocampo; secretaries.
Among the achievements of the Malolos Congress were, (1) the
ratification of Philippine independence on September 29,1898; (2) the floating
of domestic loans of Php. 20,000,000, redeemable in 40 years after the date
of issue; and (3) the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution.

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THE MAKING OF MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

The committee of draft the constitution was composed of 19 members, namely:

Felipe G. Calderon
(Chairman)

Higinio Benitez

Felipe Buencamino

Mariano Abella

Joaquin Gonzales

Antonio Luna

Hipolito Magsalin

Alberto Barreto

Tomas G. del Rosario

Jose Ma. De la Vina

Arsenio Cruz Herrera Aguedo Velarde

Jose Alejandro

Juan Manday

Jose Luna
Pedro Ocampo

Jose Albert

Geagorio Araneta

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Name: __________________________
Year and Section: _________________

A. Read and answer the questions provided.

Date: ___________________
Teacher: ________________

ACTIVITY 2

El Verdadero Decalogo
"True Decalogue"
Apolinario Mabini

1. Love God and thy honor above all things.

2. Adore God as your conscience dictates.
3. Cultivate the abilities God gave you.
4. Love your country after God and honor.
5. Value your country's happiness above your own.
6. Secure the independence of your country.
7. Recognize no authority not elected by you.
8. Secure a republic, never a monarchy.
9. Love thy neighbor as thyself.
10. Love thy compatriots "somewhat more than thy neighbor.

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Questions:
1. The True Decalogue is all about _______________________________.
2. Do we need to follow the Decalogue even today?
3. What will happen if we follow it?
B. Look the meaning intended for the following words:

-Congress
- Republic
- Barasoain

- Delegate
- inaugurate
- prominent

C. Essay
1. What are the achievements of Malolos Congress?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. In what way the establishments of Congress differ to other organization?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the important provisions of Malolos Congress?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the responsibilities of Malolos Assembly?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Describe the inauguration of Malolos Congress.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Name: __________________________
Year and Section: _________________

Date: ___________________
Teacher: ________________

UNIT TEST

Fill the missing blanks to complete the statement.

1. The Katipunero Convention was held on ______________.

2. KKK stands for ___________________.

3. ________________________was elected as President of Revolution.

4. The aim of revolution was ________________.

5. Malolos Congress was inaugurated at September 15, 1896 on

________________.

6. __________________ is the President of Biak na Bato Republic.

7. __________________ wrote the Constitution that is patterned on Constitutions of France, Belgium, Costa Rica,
Guatemala, Nicaragua and Brazil.

8. Malolos Constitution was approved on ________________.

9. The Congress was inaugurated on the province of _________________.

10. ________________was elected as president of the Congress

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B. Complete the outline that shows the history of the founding of Katipunan.
I. Founding of Katipunan.
a. Who?
1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. Ladislao Diwa
b. When?
1. ___________________
c. Where?
1. ___________________
II. Aim
a. ___________________
b. ___________________
c. Concern to the Filipinos
d. Fight the Spanish friars
e. Upgrade the human morality
f. ___________________
III. Administration
a. Executive- _____________________
b. Legislative- Katipunan Assembly
c. Judiciary - _____________________
IV. Membership
a. Katipon
b. Kawal
c. ________________
V. Leaders
a. ____________________
b.____________________
c. Josefa Rizal

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UNIT II
FIRST COMMOMWEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES

Objectives:
To show the participation of United States in the Philippines
To analyze the reason of United States in invading the country
To explain different laws established by the United States to train the Filipinos
To enumerate important provisions of 1933 Independent Constitution
To discuss change under United States

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Overview

The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional period in Philippine history from 1935 to 1945
in preparation for independence from the United States as provided for under the Philippine
Independence Act or more popularly known as the Tydings-McDuffie Law. The Commonwealth era was
interrupted when the Japanese occupied the Philippines in January 2, 1942. The Commonwealth
government, lead by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio S. Osmea went into exile in the U.S., Quezon died
of tuberculosis while in exile and Osmea took over as president. At the same time, the Japanese forces
installed a puppet government in Manila headed by Jose P. Laurel as president. This government is
known as the Second Philippine Republic. On October 20, 1944, the Allied forces led by
Gen. Douglas MacArthur landed on the island of Leyte to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese.
Japan formally surrendered in September 2, 1945.

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After liberation, the Commonwealth government was restored. Congress convened in its first
regular session on July 9, 1945. It was the first time the peoples representatives have assembled since
their election on November 11, 1941. Manuel Roxas was elected Senate President, and Elpidio Quirino
was chosen President Pro Tempore. Jose Zulueta was speaker of the house, while Prospero Sanidad
became speaker pro Tempore. The first law of this congress, enacted as commonwealth act 672,
organized the central bank of the Philippines. The commonwealth deal also tackled the issue of
collaboration. In September 1945 the counter intelligence corps presented the people who were accused
of having collaborated with, or given aid to, the Japanese. Included were prominent Filipinos who had
been active in the puppet government that the Japanese had been established. A Peoples Court was
created to investigate and decide on the issue.
Amidst this sad state of affairs, the third commonwealth elections were held on April 23, 1946.
Sergio Osmea and Manuel Roxas vied for the Presidency. Roxas won thus becoming the last president of
the Philippine Commonwealth. The Commonwealth era formally ended when the
United States granted independence to the Philippines, as scheduled on July 4, 1946.

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LESSON 3

WORLD WAR I (19141918)

Objectives:
To discuss different Independence Mission
To interpret the effect of World War 1 in the Philippines
To draw/illustrate Philippine Independence Missions

Filipino soldiers during World War 1

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In 1917 the Philippine Assembly created the Philippine National Guard with the intent to join the
American Expeditionary Force. By the time it was absorbed into the National Army it had grown to 25,000
soldiers. However, these units did not see action. The first Filipino to die in World War I was Private Tomas Claudio
who served with the U.S. Marine Corps as part of the American Expeditionary Forces to Europe. He died in the
Battle of Chateau Thierry in France on June 29, 1918. The Thomas Claudio Memorial College in Eastern Rizal,
Philippines, which was founded in 1950, was named in his honor.
INDEPENDENCE MISSION
First Independence Mission (1919)
During the First World War the Filipinos temporarily stopped their independence campaign and supported
the United States against Germany. After the war they resumed their independence drive with greater vigor. On
March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature passes the famous Declaration of Purposes which is the inflexible
desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign. A commission of independence was created to study ways
and means of attaining the liberation ideal. This commission recommended the sending of independence mission
to the United States.
On, February 28, 1819, the first Philippine Independence Mission headed by Senate President Quezon, left
Manila for Washington. It consisted of 40 prominent Filipinos representing the political, educational, and economic
elements of the country. The Filipinos were received by Secretary of War Baker, who extended to them the
courtesies of the American nation. They presented the Filipino case before Congress, and they returned home.

Woodrow Wilson
President Wilson, in his farewell address to Congress on December 2, 1920, recommended the
granting of Philippine independence. Unfortunately, the Republican Party then controlled Congress,
so that the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president was not heeded.

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Other Independence Missions (1922-1930)

The failure of the First Independence Mission did not discourage the Filipino people. In subsequent years other
independence missions were sent across the Pacific. The second mission was sent in 1922, the third in 1923, the fourth
in 1924, the fifth in 1925, the sixth in 1927, the seventh in 1928, the eight in 1930m, the ninth (OSROX Mission) in 1931,
the tenth (one man mission consisting of Benigno Aquino) in 1932, the eleventh in 1933, and the twelfth in November
1933.
The enormous funds need to defray the expenses of these mission were first provided by legislative enactments.
Later, Insular Auditor Ben Wright ruled that the use of public funds for the independence campaign was illegal. Voluntary
contributions were solicited. The Filipino people patriotically responded with generous donations to the independence
chest.
The OSROX Mission (1931)

Manuel Osmenia

Manuel Roxas

After 1930 the independence drive gathered momentum. By this time the powerful American dairy farm and
labor interests favored the granting of Philippine Independence. Because they wanted
On the numerous independence bill submitted to congress the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill was favored by the
OSROX Mission. This bill, commonly known as HHC Bill, was sponsored by representative Butler B. Hare, Senator Harry
B. Hawes, and Senator Bronson Cutting. It was passed by the Congress on December 30, 1932, vetoed by President
Herbert Hoover on January 17, 1933. Thus the HHC Bill becomes a law.

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Name: __________________________
Date: ___________________
Year and Section: _________________
Teacher: ________________

ACTIVITY 3

Match Column A from Column B by writing the letter on the blank provided.

Column A
_____1. he headed the First Philippine Independence Mission
_____2. recommended the granting of Philippine Independence
_____3. VETOED the Hare Hawes Cutting Bill

Column B

a. President Woodrow Wilson

b. Ben Wright

c. Private Tomas Claudio

_____4.ruled that the use of public fund for independence campaign was illegal
d. Declaration Purposes
_____5. first Filipino died in World War one
e. President Manuel l. Quezon
_____6. Inflexible desire of Filipino people to be free and sovereign
f. Benigno Aquino Sr.
_____7. One Man Mission
g. President Herbert Hoover
_____8. created the Philippine Assembly to join the American
Expeditionary force in World War
h. Hare Hawes Cutting Bill
_____9. only bill favored by OSROX Mission
_____10. the ninth Independence Mission

i. OSROX Mission
j. Philippine National Guard.

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B. Draw an illustration showing the Philippine Independence its struggle, extent and success.

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LESSON 4

MILITARY GOVERNMENT

Objectives:

To recall the existence of Military government in the Philippines

To differentiate Schurman Commission from Taft Commission
To show the importance of United States in the development of Military Government

Owing the exigencies of war, a military government was established on August 14, 1898, the day
following the capture of Manila, with Gen Wesley Merritt as first Military Governor. The authority of Military
Governor came from the powers of President as Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces.
During the Military rule(1898-1901), the American military commander govern the Philippines for the
President of the United States.

Gen.
Wesley
Merritt
General Wesley Merritt was succeeded by Gen.
Elwell
S. Otiss(1898-1900).
The third and last Military Governor was Gen.
Arthur MacArthur (1900-1901), during the period of active warfare.
The greatest achievement of Military Government in the Philippines was the participation of the country and the laying
down of the foundation of the civil regime. It introduce the American school system, with soldiers as the first
teachers. It organized the civil court, including Supreme Court. The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court was Cayetano
Arellano, learned Filipino jurist. Local governments were established in towns and provinces, which came under the
control of the American troops. The first local election under the American flag was conducted by Gen. Henry W. Lawton in
Baliuag, Bulacan, on May 7, 1899.

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THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION

Philippine Congress under United States

In order to make a survey of Philippine conditions and to achieve the peaceful extension of American
sovereignty over the archipelago, President McKinley appointed, on January 20, 1899.

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First Philippine Commission (1898)

The first Philippine commission otherwise known as the Schurman Commission. The commission
was composed of Dr. Jacob G. Schurman (chairman), president of Cornell University; Maj Gen. Elwell
Otis, Military Governor; rear Admiral George Dewey, commander of the American Asiatic squadron;
Charles Denby, former American Minister to China; Dr. Dean C. Worcester, professor at the University of
Michigan.
The Schurman mission arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899, a month after the outbreak of the war. It
failed to accomplish its mission owing to the exigencies of war. It conducted some hearings in Manila,
received the emissaries of General Aguinaldo, after which it returned to the United States. On January 31,
1900, it submitted its report to President McKinley with the following recommendations:
(1) The establishment of a territorial form of government with the legislature of two houses-the lower
house to be elective and the upper house to be half-elective and half-appointive.
(2) Withdrawal of military rule in the pacified areas
(3) The conservation of the natural resources of the Philippines for the Filipinos
(4) The organization of autonomous local government
(5) Opening of the free elementary schools
(6) The appointment of man of high ability and good character to important government offices.

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Second Philippine Commission (1900)

In order to initiate some sort of civil government in war-ravaged Philippine, President
McKinley, on March 16, 1900, the second Philippine Commission, also called Taft Commission.
It was composed of Judge William F. Taft (chairman), Dr. Dean C. Worcester, Mr. Luke E. Wright,
Mr. Henry C. Ide, and Professor Bernard Mosses.
On April 7, 1900, the President issues the famous instructions for the guidance of the
Second Philippine Commission. This document contained the basic democratic principle
underlying the American policy; hence it was called the Magna Carta of the Philippines It
reminded that the commission that the government which was being established in the
Philippine is not designed for our satisfaction or for the expression of our theoretical views , but
for the happiness, peace and prosperity of the Philippines.
The Taft Commission arrived in Manila on Jun e 3, 1900. It was more successful than the
Schurman commission. On September 1, it began to exercise legislative functions. The first law
which it passed was an act appropriating Php. 2,000,000 for construction and repair of roads
and bridges in the Philippines. From September, 1900 to August 1902, it enacted total of 499
laws.

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Name: __________________________
Date: ___________________
Year and Section: _________________
Teacher: ________________

ACTIVITY 4

A. Look the meaning intended for the following words:

-Civil Government
-Human Rights

-Taft Commission
-Magna Carta

B. Answer the following questions.

1. The Military Government was established by ____________________________.

2. What does it aims?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

3. Differentiate the Taft Commission from Shurman Commission using a Venn diagram.

4. What are the recommendations of the First Philippine Commission?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. What are the rights given by the Second Commission to the Philippines?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 5

CIVIL GOVERNMENT

Objectives:
To discuss how the civil government was enacted
To analyze the provisions of Philippine Bill 1902

GENERAL MACARTHUR announces the establishment of the

Philippine Civil Government. Seen in the front row, left to right, are: Lt. Gen.
George C. Kenney, Vice Adm. Thomas C. Kinkaid, Lt. Gen. Walter Krueger, Lt.
Gen. Richard K.Sutherland, General MacArthur and President Sergio Osmea.

The first government established by the Americans in the Philippines followed the
surrender of Manila in August 1898. It was a military government. During the duration of the
war, the Philippines was ruled by the president of the United States in his capacity as
commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. In its brief existence, from 1898 to
1901, the military government established a supreme court composed of six Filipinos and
three Americans. The first chief justice was Cayetano Arellano.

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was the public school system in the Philippines, with English being taught for the first time; American
soldiers acted as the first English teachers.
On March 2, 1901, the military government in the Philippines ceased to exist when the United
States Congress enacted the Army Appropriations Act. This law carried the Spooner Amendment,
which removed from the United States president the final authority to govern the Philippines. This
power was to be exercised by the United States Congress through the president.
As a result, a civil government was established in the Philippines and inaugurated on July 4,
1901. Judge William H. Taft was the first civil governor. (In 1905, the title was changed to governor
general).
PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
The next stage in the development of civil government in the Philippines was the passing of the
Cooper Act on July 1, 1902, or the Philippine Bill of 1902. It was the first organic law for the Philippines
enacted by the United States Congress and named after its sponsor, U.S. Representative Henry A.
Cooper of Wisconsin. Among its key provisions were:
1. a bill of rights for the Filipinos;
2. the appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to represent the Philippines in the
United States
Congress but without voting rights;
3. the establishment of a Philippine Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos two years after the
publication of a
census and only after peace had been completely restored in the country.
4. retention of the Philippine Commission as the upper house of the legislature, with the
Philippine assembly
acting as a lower house.
5. the conservation of the natural resources of the Philippines for the Filipinos.

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Year and Section: _________________

Teacher: ________________

ACTIVITY 5
Essay
1. What is the reason of changing the Military Government into Civil Government?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Search the limit of the implementation of Civil Government in the

Philippines._______________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______

3. What is Philippine Bill of 1902? Why it is important?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______

4. Choose at least two provisions of Cooper Act and explain

each._____________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______

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LESSON 6

1935 CONSTITUTION

Objectives:
To distinguish the differences of Philippine Constitution to American Constitution
To relate the first Election to present day Election
To formulate ideas regarding steps of the Philippines to be independent

SIGNING THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH, 23 MARCH 1935. Seated, left to right: George H.
Dern, Secretary of War; President Franklin D. Roosevelt, signing the Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth; Manuel L.
Quezon, President, Philippine Senate; standing, left to right: Brig. Gen. Creed F. Cox, Chief, Bureau of Insular Affairs, War
Department; Frank Murphy, Governor General of the Philippine Islands; Cordell Hull, Secretary of State; Key Pittman, Chairman,
Foreign Relations Committee, U.S. Senate; Pedro Guevara, Philippine Resident Commissioner; Miguel Cuaderno, Vice President,
Philippine National Bank, Manila, P. I.; Manuel Roxas, Representative, Philippine Legislature, Delegate, Constitutional Assembly;
Francisco A. Delgado, Philippine Resident Commissioner.

The 1935 Constitution was one of the noblest documents written by the Filipinos. It embodied the
ideals of liberty and democracy which Filipinos had inspired for; an American type of government which
they have trained in. The Bill of Rights and the structure of the new government were modeled after the
American Constitution. In one respect, the Philippine Constitution was superior to the American
Constitution, because the preamble of the first invoked the aid of Divine Providence.

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PHILIPPINE PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God in order to build a just and
humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the
blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and regime of truth, justice, freedom,
equality and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

FIRST ELECTION UNDER 1935 CONSTITUTION

Manuel L. Quezon declares as the

President of the Philippines

As a respiratory step towards the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines the first
national election under constitution was held on September 17, 1936. The party joined the election was
namely: (1) the Coalition Party, (2) the National Socialist Party, and (3) the Republican Party. The
candidates for President and Vice President were Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmena (Coalition
Party); Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and Raymundo Melliza (National Socialist Party); Bishop Gregorio Aglipay
and Norbeto Nabong (Republican Party).
By an overwhelming majority vote, the Filipino people elected Quezon and Osmenia of the Coalition
Party as President and Vice President respectively, of the Philippines. The majority of the elected
members of the National Assembly likewise belong to this party.

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Name: __________________________
Year and Section: _________________

Date: __________________
Teacher: ________________

ACTIVITY 6
Read and do the task provided.

Code of Ethics
President Manuel L. Quezon
1. Have faith in Divine Providence that guides the destinies of men and nations.
2. Love your country for it is the home of your people, the seat of your affections, and the source of
your happiness and well-being.Its defense is your primary duty. Be ready at all times to sacrifice and die
for it if necessary.
3. Respect the Constitution which is the expression of your sovereign will. The government is your
government. It has been established for your safety and welfare. Obey the laws and see that they are
observed by all and that public officials comply with their duties.
4. Pay your taxes willingly and promptly. Citizenship implies not only rights but also obligations.
5. Safeguard the purity of suffrage and abide by the decisions of the majority.
6. Love and respect your parents. It is your duty to serve them gratefully and well.
7. Value your honor as you value your life. Poverty with honor is preferable to wealth with dishonor.
8. Be truthful and be honest in thought and in action. Be just and charitable, courteous but dignified in
your dealings with your fellow men.

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9. Lead a clean and frugal life. Do not indulge in frivolity or pretense. Be simple in your dress and modest in your behavior.
10. Live up to the noble traditions of our people. Venerate the memory of our heroes. Their lives point the way to duty and
honor.
11. Be industrious. Be not afraid or ashamed to do manual labor. Productive toil is conducive to economic security and
adds to the wealth of the nation.
12. Rely on your own efforts for your progress and happiness. Be not easily discouraged. Persevere in the pursuit of your
legitimate ambitions.
13. Do your work cheerfully, thoroughly, and well. Work badly done is worse than work undone. Do not leave for
tomorrow what you can do today.
14. Contribute to the welfare of your community and promote social justice. You do not live for yourselves and your
families alone. You are a part of society to which you owe definite responsibilities.
15. Cultivate the habit of using goods made in the Philippines. Patronize the products and trades of your countrymen.
16. Use and develop our natural resources and conservation for posterity. They are the inalienable heritage of our people.
Do not traffic with your citizenship.

Encircle the topics stated by President Quezon that needed to shown right values. Explain
each.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Parents
Foreigners
God
Labor
Community

f. Values
g. Law
h. Election
i. Film
j. Natural Resources

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1. Give your own definition of Politics.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
____

2. How will you describe the political system in our country starting from the first election
up to the present?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
____

3. What is meant by the Philippine Preamble?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
____

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LESSON 7

COMMONWEALTH
GOVERNMENT

Objectives:
To recall the inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth
To respond to the effect of the Commonwealth Government

Manuel L. Quezon on his oath taking as the

President of the Commonwealth government

On the beautiful morning of November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated
amidst colorful ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The historic event was
witnessed by a crowd of around 300,000 people.
The invocation prayer was read by Archbishop Gabriel M. Reyes of Cebu. After the prayer, Secretary of
War George H. Dern, as the personal and official representative of President Roosevelt, delivered an address in
which he extolled the progress of democracy in the Philippines. He was followed by Governor-General Murphy,
who read the proclamation of the President of the United States. The oath of office was then administered to
President-elect Quezon, Vice-President-elect Osmena, and the Members-elect of the National Assembly by Chief
Justice Ramon Avancena of the Philippine Supreme Court. After the oath-taking ceremony, Secretary of War
Dern, on behalf of the President of the United States, proclaimed the termination of the Government under the
Jones Law and the birth of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. Thereupon President Quezon delivered his
inaugural address. A long parade ended the inaugural ceremonies.

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undertook the task of laying the foundations of the future Philippine Republic. According to President
Quezon, "I would rather have a government run like hell by Filipinos than a government run like heaven
by Americans." Among the achievements of the Commonwealth were as follows:
1. Reorganization of the government by creating new offices, including the Department of National
Defense, the Institute of National Language, and the National Council of Education; the Filipinization of
the judiciary from the Supreme Court down to the municipal courts; and the establishment of two new
courts; namely, the Court of Appeals and the Court of Industrial Relations.
2. Granting of woman suffrage, after a special national plebiscite in which 447,725 women voted in
favor of woman suffrage and 44,397 against.
3. Creation of new chartered cities Cebu, Iloilo, Bacolod, Davao, Zamboanga, SanPablo, Quezon City,
Cavite, and Tagaytay.
4. The adoption of the National Language, based on Tagalog.
5. Promotion of social justice, as shown by the Eight Hour Labor Act enacted by the National Assembly
and the appointment of the public defenders ( government lawyers ) to defend the rights of poor
laborers in the courts.
6. Compulsory military training of able-bodied Filipino youths (C.A.T. and R.O.T.C.), under the
supervision of General Douglas MacArthur.
7. Taking of the 1939 official census of the Philippines.
8. The improvement of the Philippine economy, as revealed by the growth of agriculture, commerce
and industries.
9. Creation of the JPCPA ( Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs ) which recommended (1)
the granting of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as provided by the Tydings-McDuffie Law and
(2) the extension of Philippine-American preferential trade to December 31, 1960.
10. Passage of three amendments to the 1935 Philippine Constitution, which were ratified by the
national plebiscite on June 18, 1940. These amendments were (1) tenure of the office of the President
and Vice-President was four years with reelection for another term; (2) establishment of a bicameral
Congress of the Philippines, with Senate as upper house and the House of Representatives as lower
house; and (3) creation of an independent Commission on Elections composed of three members to
supervise all elections.

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Year and Section: _________________

Teacher: ________________

ACTIVITY 7
Look the meaning intended for the following words:

-Commonwealth
-plebiscite
-bicameral Congress

-Oath taking
-woman suffrage
-tenure

B. Answer the following questions

1. Explain the line stated by President Quezon I would rather have a government like hell by the
Filipinos than a government run like heaven by the Americans.
2. What are the steps made by President Quezon to solve the economic problem of the
Philippines?
3. What is the extent of the implementation of Tagalog as our national language?
4. Why did the government made military training for able-bodied Filipino youths compulsory?
5. Rate the achievements of Commonwealth Government compared to Civil Government and
Military government.

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Name: __________________________
Year and Section: _________________

Date: ___________________
Teacher: ________________

UNIT TEST

Write T if the statement is true and f if the statement is false.

_______1. Gen. Wesley Merrit established the Civil Government on Aug. 14, 1898.
_______2. The First Commission otherwise known as Shurman Commission.
_______3. President Manuel L. Quezon is from National socialist Party.
_______4. The inauguration of Commonwealth Government is witnessed by a crowd around 200,000.
_______5. Gen. Arthur Mcarthur Is the last Military Governor.
_______6. The first Chief Justice of Supreme Court was Cayetano Arellano.
_______7.Raymundo Melliza was elected as the Vice President of the Commonwealth Government.
_______8. Based on the Constitution, the Philippine is an Monarchial State.
_______9. A government established as preparation to independence is called Republic
_______10. JPCA aims to solve the problem of our National Dialect.
_______11. Archbishop Gabriel M. Reyes lead the invocation on the inauguration of Commonwealth
Government.
_______12. Second Philippine Commission is also known as Howard Commission.
_______13. Commonwealth era last for 10 years.
_______14. President Harding was succeeded by President Wilson.
_______15. Thomasites are the first American teachers in the Philippines.

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Our country is facing poverty even today; if you are given an opportunity to go abroad
which country will you choose to live? Put a check on the space provided.
_______United States
_______Taiwan
_______Japan
_______Germany
_______Brunei
_______none (only Philippines)

B.1 Explain why.

List down products of US and distinguish if you are using it or not by putting a check on
the intended column.

US Products
A.

Foods

B.

Clothes

C.

Things

D.

Cosmetics/ Body
Decorations

E.

Use

Not Use

Machinery

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UNII III
SECOND COMMONWEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES

Objectives:
To recognize the contribution of the Filipino great man to restore the Independence of the
Philippines
To interpolate the effect of the World War Ito the Filipino people
To realize the potential of the Filipinos to sustain their needs in times of tribulation
To appraise the characteristic of the Japanese in mingling with the Filipinos

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The Japanese occupation of the Philippines was the period in the

history of the Philippines between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan occupied
Japanese
soldiers
Filipino
American-controlled Philippines
during
Worldkilling
War II.aThe
invasion of the Philippines
started on December 8, 1941 ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. As at
Pearl Harbor, the American aircraft were entirely destroyed on the ground. Lacking air
cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on December 12,
1941. General Douglas MacArthur escaped Corregidor on the night of March 11, 1942 in
PT-41 bound for Australia; 4,000 km away through Japanese controlled waters. The
76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders in Bataan surrendered to the
Japanese on April 9, 1942. The Japanese led their captives on a cruel and criminal
Bataan Death March on which 7-10,000 died or were murdered before arriving at the
internment camps ten days later. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on
May 6, 1942. For over three years and right to the day of the surrender of Japan, the
Philippines were to suffer grievously under the depredations of military occupation.
General MacArthur discharged his promise to return to the Philippines on October 20,
1944. The landings on the island of Leyte were accomplished massively with an
amphibious force of 700 vessels and 174,000 army and navy servicemen. Through
December 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro were cleared of Japanese.

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LESSON 8

WORLD WAR 2

Objectives:
To show how the Japanese invasion begin
To rearrange the sequence of events during World War 2

The coming of Japanese troops in the Philippines

The Second World War was by far the greatest armed conflict in the history of
mankind. Basically, it was a life-and-death struggle between democracy and totalitarianism.
The Philippines joined it on December 8, 1941, immediately after the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor, because of the Filipinos love of freedom and loyalty to America. The heroic
role played by the fighting Filipinos during the war won the esteem of the world and proved
their right to be ranked among the free nations of modern times.

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training of the youth was intensified. First aid courses were given in all schools and social
clubs. On April 1, 1941, President Quezon created the Civilian Emergency Administration
(CEA), with branches in the provinces and towns. Blackout practices were held, the first of
which took place in Manila on the night of July 10, 1941. Evacuation centers were
established and air raid drills were conducted in Manila and other cities.
On July 26, 1941, Lt. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Military Adviser to the Philippine
Commonwealth, was called back to active service by President Roosevelt and took
command of the newly-formed United States Armed Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ).
Into this Army command were inducted 100,000 Filipino soldiers, whom MacArthur had
trained in modern warfare.
Outbreak of the War
At dawn of Monday, December 8, 1941 the newspaper boys awakened Manila with
shrill cries "Extra! Extra! Japan raids Hawaii!" the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
mightiest U.S. naval base in Hawaii, took place exactly at 2:30 a.m. of the same date
(Philippine time). According to American time, it was 7:55 a.m. December 7, 1941 "a
date which will live in infamy", as President Roosevelt said.
At last, the war, which the Filipinos dreaded, had come. The Pacific by name an
ocean of peace became an arena of a global war. The people were shocked by the
news of war. There was excitement everywhere, but no panic. Men from all walks of life,
including college boys as young as sixteen years of age, jammed the Army
headquarters, volunteering for combat service.

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First Japanese Air Attacks on the Philippines

Japanese plane used in the first air attacks

A few hours after the Pearl Harbor attack, Japanese air squadrons swept Philippine
skies. The first point to be bombed was Davao City in Mindanao. The air attack took place
at 6:30 a.m. December 8, 1941. Tuguegarao, Baguio, Iba, Tarlac, and Clark Field were
subsequently raided. The enemy air attacks were most destructive at Clark Field, where
the American Air Force was blasted on the ground.
Before sunrise of Tuesday, December 9, the city of Manila experienced its wartime
raid. The sleeping residents were awakened from their slumber by the wailing alarm of
the sirens. The Japanese planes soared over the moonlit city and bombed Nichols Field.
The USAFFE anti-craft batteries thundered to action and filled the sky with bursting flak.
For the first time in their lives, the Manilans witnessed the frightful spectacle of a
real war the zooming of planes, the explosions of bombs, and the wanton destruction of
human lives and property. Apalled by such terrible experience, they prayed for Divine
Protection, for they realized that only God stood between them and death.

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Planes and hangars burning at Wheeler Army

On December 10 the Japanese

invaders
their first successful landing at Aparri and Vigan in
Air Field soon
after itmade
was attacked
Northern Luzon. Two days later, more assault forces made a beachhead in Legazpi in Southern Luzon.
Way down south in Davao the Japanese landed on December 20. Two days later the main Japanese
invasion forces, under the command of Lt. Masaharu Homma, landed in Lingayen. Other landings took
place at Atimonan and Mauban on December 24.
General MacArthur could not stop the enemy landings because his Air Force had been destroyed
on the first day of the war and he lacked naval support after the withdrawal of Admiral Thomas C.
Harts fleet to the south. The enemy dominated both air and sea.
While the invading Japanese were landing at various points of the archipelago, their planes were
busy bombing the military objectives and the civilian evacuation centers. At noon of December 10 they
bombed the U.S. Navy Yard at Cavite, reducing it to a heap of smoldering ruins, and raided Nichols Field
and Fort McKinley. Captain Jesus Villamor and two other Filipino pilots bravely engaged the raiders in
battle. Villamor shot down one enemy plane. He was the first Filipino to win the fame in aerial combat.
For this feat, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by General MacArthur.
On December 11, over Batangas airfield, Captain Villamor and five other Filipino airmen attacked
two enemy formations of 27 planes each. Two Japanese palnes were shot down during the dogfights,
but Villamor lost two men Lt. Cesar Basa and Lt. Geronimo Aclan.

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Name: __________________________
Year and Section: _________________

Date: ___________________
Teacher: ________________

ACTIVITY 8

Using a flow chart show the chronological series of events happen during World War 2.
Wold War II
1

B. Essay
1. Why did Japan declare war? Explain their reason.
2. Differentiate democracy from Totalitarian.
3. What are the preparations made by the Philippines before World War II?
4. Is it easy for the Japanese to invade the Philippines? Why?

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LESSON 9

THE FALL OF BATAAN

Objectives:
To compare the patriotism of the Bataan heroes to the present day heroes
To share the experiences of Filipino prisoners on Death March
To asses the suffering of the Filipino during World War 2

Americans surrending on Bataan

Lt. Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright succeeded McArthur as commander of Fil-American

troops, now changed from USSAFE( United States Armed Forces in the Far East) to USIP
(United States Forces in the Philippines). He occupied McArthurs headquarters in
Corregidor, and from he directed the gallant defense of Bataan .The Brave Filipinos and
American defenders reeled before the smashing onslaught of the invaders, but they held
their ground and fought on with tenacious courage.
.

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was a hopeless struggle. The much-awaited miles of convoy from Australia carrying
reinforcements, armaments and food supplies never came.
From the deep tunnel of Corregidor, the VOICE OF FREEDOM, radio station of the USSAFE,
proudly broadcast to the world: Bataan still stands.
On March 21, 1942, numerous leaflets of empty beer cans attached to the red and white
streamers were drooped by the Japanese planes on Bataan. These leaflets contained a
message to General Wainwright urging him to surrender. Instead of surrendering, Wainwright
continued to fight.
On April 3, 1942, good Friday to Christian and Jimmu Tennon-Sai (Commemoration Day
of Emperor Jimmu) to the Japanese, General Homma unleashed the full fury of an all-out
Japanese offensive in Bataan. Thousand of Japanese infantrymen, supported by artillery
barrages and tank fire power pounded the Fil-American lines. Overhead the Zeroes, pride of
Japans air crops soared and bomb the foxholes, hospitals, and ammuniton dumps of Bataan.
From the sea the enemy warships poured lethal shells on the defenders position. Bataan was
doomed. The defenders weakened by hunger, disease, and fatigue, fought fiercely, and died as
heroes. The crack divisions of Generals Lim and Capinpin were torn to bits by the plunging
legions of the rising sun, and over all the bloody peninsula of Bataan the enemy swarmed like
tidal waves.
On April 9, 1942, Bataan fell. There was no other choice. Gen Edward P. King, American
commander of Bataan forces, surrendered in order stop the carnage and prevent further killing
of the helpless defenders. Sadly, but proudly, the VOICE OF FREEDOM told the world: Bataan
has fallen, but the spirit that makes it stand a beacon to all liberty- loving peoples of the worldcannot fall

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THE DEATH MARCH

The Death March of Filipino and American

Prisoners
of war from Mariveles, and Bagac to Camp
Bataan Death
March
O Donnell, Capas, Tarlac April 1942.
Immediately after the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942, The USFFI forces were evacuated by the
Japanese from the field of battle as prisoners of war. The more than 70,000 Filipino and American troops
who had survived the battle of Bataan underwent in this evacuation, the ordeal that history now knows
as the death March.
The Death March started from two points in Bataan: on April 10 from Mariveles, on April 11 from
Bagac. The Filipino and American troops were marched day and night, under blistering sun or cold
night sky, staggering through Cabcaben, Limay, Orion, Pilar and Balanga, where they were given a
brief rest and some water, From Balanga, The Prisoners of were organized into groups of 100 to 200
and under guard marched on through were segregated from the Filipino Prisoners of war and marched
separately, The march continued northward through Hermosa, to Layac junction, Then Eastward into
Pampanga through Lubao, Guagua, Where the Prisoners were rested and given a little food at the
National Development Company Compound.

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Already suffering from Battle fatigue, The Filipino and Americans troops were
strained to utter exhaustation by this long march on foot, many were ill, most were
feverish, but none high rest, for the enemy was brutal with those who lagged behind.
Thousands fell along the way, Townspeople on the roadside risked their lives by slipping
food
and
drink
to
the
Death
Marches
as
they
stumbled
by.

Grotesque: A prisoner of war, about to be

beheaded by a Japanese executioner

In San Fernando, The Death March became a death ride by cargo train when the
prisoners were pack so densely into boxcars that many of them perished from
suffocation, Those who arrived alive in Capas had still to walk the last and most agonized
miles of the Death March: The 6 Kilometers to Camp O" Donnell, Which was become one
of
the
most
hellish
concentration
camps
of
World
War
II.

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Read and answer the questions provided.

ACTIVITY 9

When I remember Death March, I dont really think the suffering of prisoners, soldiers who died in
A Scene
Deathstaring
Marchand raising her hands to the line of dirty, tired
sickness and distress; but I remember
an oldin
woman
Ferdinad
E. Marcos
and hungry men while torturing andLt.
obliging
to walk
in the midst of hot sunlight. She is looking on every
faces of the man who passes in her house. I saw tears falling in her eyes while saying Kung paanong ang
mga ama ninyong nauna sa inyo ay gayundin kayong mga anak na nagmamartsa sa pagkatalo.
It was a coincidence; I was in front of her house when the Japanese soldier temporarily stops the
march, suddenly the old woman throw a pack of foods on us. The image of sorrow is shown to her face
uttering a queer word Kunin ninyo ito, mga anak, kunin ninyong lahat at maging malakas uli kayo.
Maybe she prepared those foods for her lost grandson which is with us.
We all know what is going to happened next, the same thing as what happen one time when the
Japanese soldiers hurt and kill the civilian who is trying to help us thats why we shouted and ordered her
to run because the yellow devil is going to her house. Takbo Lola as we shouted in Tagalog. Takbo na at
iligtas ninyo ang buhay nyo. Papatayin na kayo ng dayo.
But she continues to throw foods. Kunin nyong lahat. Bata kayo. akoy isa nang matandang babae.
The demon go to her house, as we saw her in side view shes been ruthlessly stabbed by a sharp knife
directly strucked on her body, contrasting the cold intrusions and wedge. Until shes finally lay down on
the floor. The demon succeeded and left.
We promise to ourselves that the capitulation of our weapon is the same as surrendering our
manhood. The others want to kill the Japanese soldier but some old man controlled them. We must all
remember, remember this, the time of revenge soon will come.

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1. Where it was happen?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___

2. What are the characteristic of the old woman?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___

3. How will you describe the feeling of those people who witnessed the incidence?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___

4. Who is speaking in the statement?

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___

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Name: __________________________
Year and Section: _________________

Date: ___________________
Teacher: ________________

UNIT TEST
A. Identify the missing words/ phrases to complete the statement by choosing the answer
on given box.

1. __________________ is the Commander of United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).
2. A date which will live in infantry _____________________said.
3. __________________ became the arena of the global war.
4. The Japanese invasion begins under the command of ____________________.
5. Captain Jesus Villamor was awarded the _________________ by Gen. McArthur.
6. Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright succeeded McArthur as Commander and changed USAFFE from
____________________.
7. The Death March started in Mariveles, Bataan to _________________________.
8. _________________ is famous to his line I shall return.
9. More than ________________ Filipino and American survived on the battle of Bataan.
10. _________________ consider as the mightiest US Naval Base in Hawaii.

Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA)

Lt. Masaharu Homma
United States Forces in the Philippines (USIP)
Lt. Gen. Douglas McArthur
Sulu Sea
7000

Pearl Harbor
6000
Pacific Ocean
Capas, Tarlac
Distinguished Service Cross
President Roosevelt

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B. Answer the following questions.

1. What does the declining of American troops prove to the Filipinos?

2. Is it alright as a President to leave his country in times of crisis?

3. Can we consider President Laurels coordination to the Japanese as a sign of betrayal to our country?
Why?

4. In what way the fall of Bataan and Corregidor affects the personality of the Filipinos?

5. Give the effects of World War II to the economy and to the physical condition of the Philippines.

C. Do the task given.

C.1 Conduct an interview to the Veterans of World War II, Ask the following
questions:

1. Why the Japanese did not acquire the support of the Filipinos?

2. What are your experiences during the war?

3. How does the Filipino strive in sustaining their needs in the midst of tribulation?

4. In What way it changed your life?

C.2 Collect pictures, anecdotes and story of the Veterans of World War II.

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D. If ever you are in the World War II and you need to leave your home. What are
those things that you will secure? List down five and answer why did you choose it?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

E. Give at least five characteristics of an individual that need to acquire in this type
of situation.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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UNIT IV
SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

Objectives:
To explain the system of government during Japanese era
To state the important details of 1943 Constitution
To differentiate 1943 Constitution to 1938 constitution
To give own opinion about the conflict and struggle of the Philippines to continue
the fight and gain independence
To practice good values in dealing with foreign countries and nationalities

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was a state in the Philippines established in October 14, 1943 under the Japanese
occupation.

President Manuel L. Quezon declared Manila, the capital, an open city and left it
under the rule of Jorge B. Vargas, ass mayor. The Japanese entered the city on January 2,
1942, after the Battle of Corregidor.

General Massaharu Homma dissolved the Commonwealth of the Philippines and

established the Phillipine executive Commisssion, a caretaker government, with Vargas
as its first chairman. All political parties were banned and replaced by the non-partissan
KALIBAPI Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Tagalog for the Organization in
the Service of the New Philippines). KALIBAPIs director-general was Benigno S. Aquino.

A constitution was formed by the Preparatory Commission for Independence,

consisting of 20 members from the KALIBAPI. The Preparatory Commission, led by Jose P.
Laurel, presented its draft Constitution on September 4, 1943 and three years later, the
KALIBAPI general assembly ratified the Constitution.

By September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPIs representative groups in the countrys

provinces and cities elected from among themselves fifty-four members of the Philippine
National Assembly, the legislature of the country, with fifty-four governors and city
mayors as ex-officio members.

Three days after establishing the National Assembly, its inaugural session was held
at the pre-war Legislative Building and it elected by majority Benigno S. Aquino as its first
Speaker and Jose P. Laurel as President of the Republic of the Philippines, who was
inaugurated on October 15, 1943 at the foundation of the Republic.

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LESSON 10

THE 1943
CONSTITUTION

Objectives:
To recall the 1943 Constitution
To positively interpret the laws written in 1943 Constitution
To define KALIBAPI

The 1943 Constitution was drafted by a committee appointed by the Philippine executive
Commission, the body established by the Japanese to administer the Philippines in lieu of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines which had established a government-in-exile. In mid-1942 Japanese
Prime Minister Hideki Tojo had promised the Filipinos the honor of independence which meant that the
commission would be supplanted by a formal republic.
The Preparatory Committee for Philippines Independence tasked with drafting a new constitution
was composed in large part, of members of the prewar National Assembly and of individuals with
experience with delegates to the convention that had drafted the 1935 Constitution. Their draft for the
republic to be established under the Japanese Occupation, however, would be limited in duration,
provide for indirect, legislative elections, and an even stronger executive branch.
Upon approval of the draft by the Committee, the new charter was ratified in 1943 by an assembly
of appointed, provincial representatives of the KALIBAPI, the organization established by the Japanese
to supplant all previous political parties. Upon ratification by the KALIBAPI assembly, the Second
Republic was formally proclaimed (1943-1945). Jose P. Laurel was appointed as by the National
Assembly and inaugurated into office in October 1943. Laurel was highly regarded by the Japanese for
having openly criticized the US for the way they ran the Philippines and because he had a degree from
Tokyo International University.

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The 1943 Constitution remained in force in Japanese-controlled areas of the

Philippines, but was never recognized as legitimate or binding by the governments of the
United States or of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and guerrilla organizations loyal
to them. In late 1944, President Laurel declared a state of war existed with the United
States and the British Empire and proclaimed martial law, essentially ruling by decree.
His government in turn went into exile in December, 1944, first to Taiwan and then Japan.
After the announcement of Japans surrender, Laurel formally proclaimed the Second
Republic as dissolved.
Until the 1960s, the Second Republic, and its officers, were not viewed as legitimate
or as having any standing, with the exception of the supreme Court whose decisions,
limited to reviews of criminal and commercial cases as part of a policy of discretion by
Chief Justice Jose Yulo continued to be a part of the official records (this was made easier
by the Commonwealth never constituting a Supreme Court, and the formal vacancy in
the chief justice position for the Commonwealth with the execution of Jose Abad Santos
by the Japanese). It was only during the Macapagal administration that a partial, political
rehabilitation of the Japanese-era republic took place, with the recognition of Laurel as a
former president and the addition of his cabinet and other officials to the roster of past
government officials. However, the 1943 charter was not taught in schools and the laws
of the 1943-44 National Assembly never recognized as valid or relevant. The 1943
Constitution provided strong executive powers. The Legislature consisted of a unicameral
National Assembly and only those considered as anti-US could stand for election,
although in practice most legislators were appointed rather than elected.

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THE JAPANESE-SPONSORED REPUBLIC

After the ratification of the constitution, the KALIBAPI prepared the ground for the establishment
President Jose P. Laurel
of the Republic. On September 20, 1943,
various KALIBAPI conventions were held throughout the
country, and the elected half of the 108 members of the National Assembly established by the new
constitution; the other half being the provincial governors and city mayors.
On September 22, the National Assembly met in inaugural session at the Legislative building,
Manila. The Speaker was Benigno s. Aquino, Director-general of the KALIBAPI. The lone woman
member of the National Assembly was Mrs. Elisa R. Ochoa of Agusan. The greatest achievement of the
National Assembly during the inaugural session was the election by its members of Dr. Laurel as
President of the Republic of the Philippines,

On October 14, 1943, the new republic (Second Philippine Republic) was inaugurated amid
solemn ceremonies held in front of the Legislative Building. The invocation prayer was said by right
Revered Cesar Ma. Guerrero, Auxiliary Bishop of Manila Jorge B. Vargas, whose office as Chairman of
the Philippine Executive Commission had terminated, read the announcement of the withdrawal of the
Japanese Military Administration. The President of the PCPI read the Declaration of the Philippine
Independence. Congratulatory remarks were made by Lt. Gen. Shigenori Kuroda, commander-in-chief
of the Japanese Imperial Army in the Philippines. The Filipino flag, which had previously been banned by
the Japanese, was hoisted and the Philippine National Anthem, also previously prohibited, was sung.
The climax of the ceremonies was the inaugural address of the President Laurel.

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Name: __________________________
Date: ___________________
Year and Section: _________________
Teacher: ________________

ACTIVITY 10

A. Give the meaning and purpose of the following terms:

-1943 Constitution

-KALIBAPI

-Puppet government

-Japanese imperial Army

-National Assembly

B. Differentiate 1938 Constitution from 1943 Constitution using a Venn diagram.

C. 5 minutes non-stop writing!

How would you describe the Japanese Sponsored Republic?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 11

GOVERNMENT CHANGES UNDER THE

REPUBLIC

Objectives:
To know the different changes happened under the new republic
To explain the type of living of the Filipino when Japanese come
To give important opinion on the government changes
To appreciate the comeback of MacArthur and his liberation forces in the Philippines

Under the new republic, the Ministries were established, replacing the department of
the defunct Philippine Executive Commission. Each ministry was under a minister, assisted
by a vice-Minister. New bureaus, boards, and other offices were created.

Aside from the Supreme Court, five courts of Appeal were created, one for each of the
five Judicial Districts into which the country was divided. To assist the President of the
Republic in the administration of the whole country, seven Administrative Districts were
established each under a commissioner.

THE REPUBLIC IN CRISIS

By August 1944, the situation of the Japanese-made Philippine Republic became critical. Its
existence depended on the might of Japanese arms. In as much as the tide of war was definitely turning
against Japan, it was doomed. Mac Arthur was winning his battles in the Jungle islands of the Southwest
Pacific and was leap frogging his way towards the Philippines.

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MacArthurs mighty forces, the Japanese military authorities strengthened their defenses, while
the Filipino guerillas intensified their attacks on the enemy.

Peace and order crumpled ass the desperate Japanese soldiers increased their oppression of
the people, whom they knew were hopefully waiting for their American liberators, looting their
foodstuffs and forcing them to work in military installations and arresting and torturing them for
supporting the guerillas. In retaliation, the guerillas ambushed the Japanese patrols, sabotaged
the enemy military operations and assaulted the Japanese garrisons.

As chaos gripped the country, President Laurel promulgated Proclamation No. 29 on

September 21, 1944 proclaiming martial law in the Philippines. That was shortly after the surprise
morning air raid by American bombers on Japanese fortifications around Manila. The following
day (September 22), President Laurel, pressured by frantic Japanese military authorities, was
compelled to issue Proclamation No. 30 declaring war on the United States.

This war declaration was significantly ineffective for two reasons: first, President Laurel did
not submit the war declaration to the National Assembly for approval, as required by the 1943
Constitution, hence, it was illegal, and, second, he made it clear in the proclamation that there
would be no conscription of Filipinos for war service; hence, the war declaration was valueless.
Anyhow, with or without the declaration of war, Laurel, who was a sagacious statesman and
valiant patriot, knew that his people would never fight for Japan against the United States. He
issued the seemingly formidable war declaration to pacify the ruthless Japanese military
authorities and thus save his helpless people from mass massacre by the brutal enemy forces.

The landing of General MacArthur and hi liberation forces in Leyte on October 20, 1944
presaged the inevitable downfall of the Japanese-sponsored Republic-the Second Philippine
Republic in history.

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Answer the following:

1. What is the purpose of the court of appeals?

ACTIVITY 11
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
2. What is Martial law?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

3. Martial law occurs when?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

4. What does the comeback of Douglas McArthur signifies?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

5. What are the effects of the crisis to the Filipino people?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_

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LESSON 12

THE RESTORATION OF THE

COMMONWEALTH

Objectives:
To describe the action of Commonwealth government of the Philippines to United States
To appreciate the role of MacArthur for the restoration of Commonwealth
To discuss the last commonwealth election
To draw from memory the impact and ending of World War II

From August to October 1944, the tide of war decidedly turned in favor of the United States, as
American planes began to bomb targets in the Philippines. On October 20, 1944, the main attack force
of 174,000 American troops, ferried by an armada of 700 warships, landed at Leyte. After the first wave
of Marine troops had made a beachhead, General MacArthur waded ashore, at Red Beach, near Palo,
Leyte, accompanied by President Osmena, General Carlos P. Romulo and General Basilio Valdez. I
have returned, MacArthur told the jubilant Filipino nation.
On October 23, the Commonwealth Government was declared restored, with Tacloban as
temporary capital.
.

LAST COMMONWEALTH ELECTION

The last anniversary of the Commonwealth of the Philippines marking the 10th year of its
existence was celebrated with appropriate rejoicing throughout the country on November
15, 1945. At that time President Osmena was in Washington, D.C., where he was busy
trying to secure aid from the United States government for the relief and rehabilitation of the
war-torn Philippines.

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political parties thus arose to contend for the national offices, namely, the Nacionalista Party, with
Sergio Osmena and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as official candidates for President and VicePresident, respectively; and the Liberal Party, with Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino as standardbearers for President and Vice-President, respectively. Of the several minor parties, only the
Modernist Party presented official candidates for President and Vice-President; namely, Hilario C.
Moncado and Lou Salvador.

The election of April 23, 1946 resulted in the triumph of the Liberal Party. Roxas and Quirino
were elected President and Vice-President, respectively. Their party won nine out of 16 contested
senatorial seats, making a total of 13 Liberals and 11 Nacionalistas in the Senate, and 60 out of
the 98 seats in the House of Representatives. President Osmena, on hearing the news of his
political defeat, accepted the verdict of the people and congratulated the victor.

On the sunny morning of May 26, 1946, Roxas was inaugurated amidst impressive
ceremonies as the last President of the Philippine Commonwealth. The inaugural ceremonies
were held on the grounds of the ruined, shell blasted Legislative Building and were witnessed by
a mammoth crowd of 200,000 people. The outgoing President, the dignified, gray-haired
Osmena, accompanied the youthful Roxas to the scene of the ceremonies, wished the latter a
sincere good luck, and drove away to a well-earned retirement. Earlier that same day, he issued
his farewell message to the Filipino people, expressing his gratitude for having been given the
opportunity to serve them for more than 40 years, felicitating his worthy successor, President
Roxas, humbly thanking God for the realization of Philippine independence, and announcing his
retirement to private life.

The climax of the inaugural ceremonies was the inaugural address of President Roxas as the
third and last President of the Philippine Commonwealth. Speaking in magnificent English and
sonorous eloquence, he voiced the gratitude of the Filipino nation to the United States and
acknowledged Quezon, Osmena, and other heroes of the race.

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A . Read and answer the questions provided.

ACTIVITY 12

The Enola Gay flew the very first mission targeting a city -Hiroshima - with an atomic bomb. A flight log for
the Enola Gay on its journey to Hiroshimawas kept by the co-pilot Robert A Lewis. The following are extracts from it.
The Enola Gay
Lewis kept the log as he knew that the mission would be eventful but was not fully aware why it would be as
he knew little about the bomb's explosive power. He knew it was different as did the rest of the crew but they were
pilots and bombers not scientists.
"Everyone will be relieved when we have left our bomb and get half way home, or better still all the way
home."
"At 07.30 a.m. we are loaded, the bomb is now alive and its a funny feeling knowing its right in back of you."
"The Colonel and I are standing back and are giving the boys what they want. Therell be a short intermission
while we bomb our target."
"For the next minute no one knew what to expect. The bombardier and the pilot forgot to put on their dark
glasses and therefore witnessed the flash which was terrific."
"Fifteen seconds after the flash there were two very distinct slaps and that was all the physical effects we felt.
We turned the ship so we could observe results and there in front of our eyes was without a doubt the greatest
explosion man had ever witnessed. The city was 9/10 covered with smoke and a column of white cloud, which in less
than three minutes reached 30,000 feet and then went up to 50,000 feet. I honestly have the feeling of groping for
words to explain this or I might say, my God, what have we done? Everyone on the ship is actually dumbstruck, even
though we had expected something fierce.

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1. What is Enola Gay and its mission?

2. What happen to the place landed by the atomic bomb?

3. Who is the pilot of Enola Gay?

4. How many civilians died when it land?

5. What is the name of the first atomic bomb lunched in a country?

B. Answer and explain.

1. What are the contributions of McArthur to the Philippine history?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____
2. Do we have to thank the Americans for their actions? Why?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____
3. How can you describe the last Commonwealth election?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____

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Name: __________________________
Year and Section: _________________

Date: ___________________
Teacher: ________________

UNIT TEST

A. Match Column A from Column B by writing the letter on the blank provided.

Column A
Column B
_____1. Douglas McArthur

a. Supreme Court Chief Justice

_____2.Jose P. Laurel

b. Japanese Imperial Army

_____3. Gen. Massaharu Homa

_____4. Hideki Tojo

_____5. Benigno S. Aquino

c. General of KALIBAPI
d. President Republic of the
Philippines
e . I Shall Return

f. Japanese Prime Minister

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________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
___
2. What will happen if the Americans did not come back in the Philippines? Make a scenario
and relate it to the class.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
___
3. Is the action of the American to launch an atomic bomb to Hiroshima and Nagasaki right?
Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
___
4. Why did they still restore the Commonwealth government of the Philippines?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
___
5. Because of the cruelty of the Japanese there are many Filipino people died during World War
II. If there are Japanese who wants you to be his/her friend will you accept it? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
___

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UNIT V
THIRD COMMONWEALTH AND THIRD PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

Objectives:
To recall the works and laws of the presidents of the Philippines
To categorize the events that occur in the Third Republic
To explain the roots of Plaza Miranda massacre

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In April 1946, elections were held. Despite the fact that the Democratic Alliance won
the election, they were not allowed to take their seats under the pretext that force had
been used to manipulate the elections. The United States withdrew its sovereignty over
the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.
Manuel Roxas (Liberal Party), having been inaugurated as President as scheduled,
on July 4, 1946 before the granting of independence, strengthened political and
economic ties with the United States in the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act.
During the Roxas administration, a general amnesty was granted for those who had
worked together with the Japanese while at the same time the Huks were declared
illegal. His administration ended prematurely when he died of heart attack April 15, 1948
while at the US Air Force Base in Pampanga.
Vice President Elpidio Quirino (Liberal Party, henceforth referred to as LP) was sworn
in as President after the death of Roxas in April 1948. He ran for election in November
1949 against Jose P. Laurel (Nacionalista Party, henceforth referred to as NP) and won his
own four-year term.

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The huge task of reconstructing the war-torn country was complicated by the
activities in central Luzon of the Communist-dominated Hukbalahap guerrillas (Huks),
who resorted to terror and violence in their efforts to attain land reform and gain political
power. They were finally brought under control (1954) after a dynamic attack introduced
by the minister of national defense, Ramn Magsaysay. By that time Magsaysay was
president of the country, having defeated Quirino in Nov., 1953. His campaign was
massively supported by the CIA, both financially and through practical help in discrediting
his political enemies. He had promised sweeping economic changes, and he did make
progress in land reform, opening new settlements outside crowded Luzon Island. His
death in an airplane crash in Mar., 1957, was a serious blow to national morale. Vice
President Carlos P. Garca succeeded him and won a full term as president in the elections
of Nov., 1957.
Philippine opposition to Garca on issues of government corruption and antiAmericanism led, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties, led by
Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, the Liberal party leader, who succeeded Garca as
president in the 1961 elections. Macapagals administration was marked by efforts to
combat the mounting rise that had plagued the republic since its birth; by attempted
alliances with neighboring countries; and by a territorial argument with Britain over North
Borneo (later Sabah), which Macapagal claimed had been leased and not sold to the
British North Borneo Company in 1878.

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LESSON 13
Objectives:

PRESIDENTS UNDER THE THIRD PHILIPPINE

COMMONWEALTH AND THIRD PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC

To recognized the different Presidents under the 3 rd Philippine Republic

To compare their contributions to the developments of the country
To write a reaction about their service in terms of governing the country

Elpidio Quirino

President Elpidio Quirino

On the night of April 16, 1948, President Roxas died of heart attack at Clark Field, Pampanga. In
the morning of his fateful date, she delivered a stirring speech before the U.S. 13 th Air Force, in which he
said: If war should come, I am certain of one thing- probably the only thing of which I can be certainand it is this: That America and the Philippines will be found on the same side, and American and Filipino
soldiers will again fight side by side in the same trenches or in the air or at sea in defense of justice, of
freedom, and other principles which we both love and cherish. After the speech, he felt dizzy and was
brought to the residence of Maj. Gen. e. L. Eubank, where he passed away that night.
On April 17, 1948, Vice President Quirino took his oath of office as second President of mourning
thoughtful the land for his predecessor.

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Ramon Magsaysay

In the presidential electionPresident

of November
10,
1953, the Nacionalista Party chose Magsaysay as the
Ramon
Magasaysay
official NP candidate for the presidency.

During his brief term as secretary of National Defense, he had become popular among masses
because of his success in the campaign against the Huks. After resigning his office, he joined the
Nacionalista Party.

By an overwhelming majority vote, Magsaysay defeated his former boss President Quirino, at the
polls. His team mate, Senator Carlos P. Garcia, NP Vice-Presidential Candidate, and all the eight NP
Secretarial candidates also won. The election was a sweeping victory for the Nacionalista Party and a
disgraceful defeat for the Liberal Party.

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Carlos P. Garcia

Carlos
P. Garcia
At the Zenith of his popularityPresident
and power,
President
Magsaysay dies in a plane crash in Cebu on
Sunday, March 17, 1957. The Filipino people were shocked by the tragedy.

The next day, March 18th, Vice-President Carlos P. Garcia was included into office as the fourth President
of the Philippine Republic. A brilliant poet-politician from Bohol, her was a worthy successor of
Magsaysay of Amiable personality, with high intellect and sonorous eloquence, he was a lover of
democracy, a good chess player, friendly in his dealing people and never vindictive to his enemies.

President Garcia completed Magsaysays unexpired term, after which he ran for his own four-year term
in the presidential election of November 12, 1957. His team mate in the Nacionalista party ticket was
House Speaker Jose Laurel Jr. Their opponents were Jose Yulo of the Liberal Party, with Congressman
Diosdado Macapagal as team mate, Manuel P. Manahan of Progressive Party, with Vicente Araneta as
team mate.

Senator Lorenzo Tanada as team mate; and Antonio Quirino (President Quirinos younger brother),
running as rebel Liberal candidate for President.
President Garcia won, but Congressman Macapagal of the Liberal Party was elected Vice-President. It
was the first time that the Filipinos voted for a President and a Vice-President belonging to opposing
parties.

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Diosdado Macapagal

President Diosdado Macapagal

In the presidential election of November 14, 1961, the Liberal Party toppled down
the Nacionalista Party and once more rose to power Victorious Liberals joyfully sang the
popular song. Happy Days are Here Again. President Garcia lost his bid for reelection.
Vice President Macapagal, running as LP presidential candidate, won at the polls, with
his team mate, Senatorial Emmanuel Pelaez, the LP Vice President Candidate.
On December 30, 1961, Macapagal was inaugurated as the fifth president of
Philippine republic. In his inaugural address, he gave grandiose promises to the people
that he would bring about a New Era of peace and prosperity.

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In the presidential election of November 9, 1965, the Liberal Party was deputized by the Filipino
people at the polls. President Macapagal running for reelection under the LP banner was defeated,
together with his team mate, Senator
Gerardo
Roxas. Senate
President Ferdinand E. Marcos and
President
Ferdinand
E. Marcos
Senator Lopez, NP candidates, were elected President and Vice-President respectively. It should be
recalled that both Marcos and Lopez were Former Liberals.

With the stunning defeat of LP, the NP once more became the party in power. Filipino votes
enthusiastically voted for Nacionalista candidates because of Marcos battle Cry: This Nation can be
great again.

Evidently, the Filipino was satisfied by President Marcoss performance during his first term. In the
local election of November 14, 1967 (for eight senators and all local official) the Nacionalista Party won
a sweeping victory. Only one Liberal senatorial candidate was elected. He was Benigno Aquino Jr.
former governor of Tarlac and youngest of all senatorial aspirants. The Nacionalista victory was
repeated in the Presidential Election of November 11, 1969 when President Marcos and Vice-President
Lopez were reelected of people. There liberal opponents were Senator Sergio Osmea, Jr. presidential
candidate, and Senator Gerardo Magsaysay, vice-presidential candidate. In this election too, seven NP
Senatorial bets were added, namely Arturo Tolentino, Gil Puyat, Lorenzo Sumulong, Ambrocio Padilla
(LP guest candidate), Jose Piokno, Rene Espina, and Maintal A. Tamayao (muslim). One Liberal
Senatorial candidate Gerardo Roxas survived the Nacionalista avalanche.

The reelection of President Marcos in 1969 was unprecedented in the political annals of the
Philippine Republic. First he was the only Pressident of the Philippines to be reelected for second a term.
And, second, he was the first Philippine President to take his oath of office (December 30, 1969)
Magsaysay, Garcia, and Macapagal took their oath in English.

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Name: __________________________
Date: ___________________
Year and Section: _________________
Teacher: ________________
ACTIVITY 13

A Based on the lesson discussed complete the time line given.

President
1.

Manuel Roxas

2.

Elpidio Quirino

3.

Ramon Magsaysay

4.

Carlos Garcia

5.

Diosdado Macapagal

6.

Ferdinand Marcos

Years of
service

Province

Profession

1946-1948

Manila

Lawyer

Laws
Implemented
Bell Trade Act,
Philippine
Rehabilitation Act

B. Who among the presidents you like most. Why? Justify your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____

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LESSON 14

THE MAKING OF A NEW

CONSTITUTION

Objectives:
To compare the new constitution from 1943 Constitution
To develop ideas on how constitutions ratified
To appreciate the reasons why Pope John Paul VI visited the country
To formulate ideas on the roles of the church to our country

The Constitutional Convention met in inaugural session on June 1, 1971 at

the Fiesta Pavillion of the Manila Hotel, Manila. It was formally opened by Senate
President Gil J. Puyat and House Speaker Cornelio Villareal.
The highlight of the opening ceremonies was the address of President
Marcos in which in which he appealed to the delegates to frame a constitution
which would cure the polical and socio economic ills of the nation. Several
delegates walked out during the Presidents speech in protest against the Marcos
administration.
The first convention president by the delegates was Carlos P. Garcia, former
President of the Philippine Republic. Unfortunately, he died on June 14, 1971 of
heart attack, and was succeeded by Diosdado Macapagal, another former
President of the Philippine Republic.

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THE VISIT OF POPE PAUL VI

On the sunny morning of November 27, 1970, eight days after a terrible devastation of the
century by typhoon Yoling and sixteen days following the election of the Con Con delegates. His
Pope John Paul VI
Holiness Pope Paul VI arrived by plane at the Manila International Airport.
The welcome ceremony was almost spoiled by an unsuccessful attempt by cozy. Bolivian painter
(Benjamin Mendoza) to kill the Holy Father. Disguised as a priest, this would be assassin slipped
through the cordon of security men and tried to stab with a sharp knife. Fortunately, he failed in his
sister effort. He was over powered by the security men and taken to jail.
From Manila International Airport, Pope Paul VI preceded by car to the Manila Cathedral, blessing
a vast crowd of about 2,000,000 jamming the streets the biggest crowd ever seen in Manila. After
celebrating a political Mass at the Manila Cathedral, he went to Apostolic Nunciature where he was
billeted during his brief visit.
In the morning of the following day (Saturday, November 28) the pope visited the University of
Santo Tomas, where 148 bishops and observers from 15 Asian countries were holding their session. He
told the struggle thousands of teachers and students who were present to unite in the struggle against
ignorance, poverty, and other ills of society. In the evening of same date, he celebrated a Pontifical
Mass at the Luneta, which was attended by a mammoth crowd.
The following morning (Sunday, November 29), he held another Pontifical Mass at the Quezon
Memorial Circle, Quezon city, after which he proceeded to the slums of Tondo and paid a visit to a poor
family (Carlos Navarro, his wife and children), giving those medals rosaries and $500 cash.
In the evening of November 29, 1970 he left the Philippines to continue his pastoral visit to other
countries.

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Name: __________________________
Date: ___________________
Year and Section: _________________
Teacher: ________________
ACTIVITY
14

A. Answer the following.

1. Enumerate the roles of the church to a country list them on the box.

*
*
*
*

2. Is it easy to make a constitution? Why?

3. What are the changes of 1943 Constitution from the new constitution?

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LESSON 15

PLAZA MIRANDA
MASSACRE

Objectives:
To illustrate Plaza Miranda Massacre
To share reactions about the massacre
To explain why the Liberal Party said to be handicapped in the election of 1971

Plaza Miranda on and before the massacre

After the historical visit of Pope Paul VI, the conditions of Philippines worsened. The
soaring wave of lawlessness reached its crest in the so-called Plaza Miranda Massacre on
the evening of August 21, 1971 during the proclamation rally of the LP candidates for the
local; elections scheduled on November 8, 1971. Two fragmentations generate, hurled by
unidentified persons on the platform, killed 8 persons and injured 120. Among those
wounded were senator Gerardo Roxas and his wife, Senator Jovito Salonga (running for
election), Senator Sergio Osmea Jr., Congressman John Osmea (LP Senatorial candidate),
Senator Eva Estrada Kalaw (guest candidate on LP Senatorial ticket) Congressman Ramon
Mitra (LP Senatorial candidate), Congressman Bagatsing (LP Candidate for mayoralty of
Manila), and Laguna Governor Felicisimo T. San Luis (master-of-ceremonies). The
outrageous massacre stirred the indignation of the nation.

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THE LOCAL ELECTION OF 1971

Despite the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, the campaign
for the election of eight national senators and about 15,000 local officials (provincial,
governors, and municipal mayors, vice mayors, and municipal councilors) continued with
the customary political rallies and fiery platform speeches. These local elections were
held on November 8, 1971.

The Liberal Party was woefully handicapped in the electoral fight because its
senatorial candidates and top teachers were injured in the Plaza Miranda Massacre and
thus could not campaign. Anyhow, the nations conscience was awakened by the
shocking tragedy so that the LP won six out of eight senatorial seats.

The Nacionalista Party, however, retained its supremacy in the local front. It
captured about 70% of the elective positions for provincial governors, vice governors,
and provincial board members; city mayors, vice-mayors, and municipal councilors.

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Answer the following questions.

ACTIVITY 15

1. What are the causes of the massacre?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____

2. Who is responsible for this?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____

3. How can you describe the massacre?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
4. Explain the line: Liberal Party said to be handicapped in the election of 1971.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
5. What are the effects of the massacre to the whole nation?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____

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Name: __________________________
Year and Section: _________________

Date: ___________________
Teacher: ________________

UNIT TEST

A. Match Column A from Column B by writing the letter on the blank provided.

Column A
Column B
____1. Manuel Roxas
a. Filipino First policy
____2. Elpidio Quirino
b. Independence Day
June 12, 1819
____3. Ramon Magsaysay
c. Our country will become
great again
____4. Carlos Garcia
d. amnesty for the HUK
____5. Diosdado Macapagal
e. Susog Parity Rights on
Constitution
____6. Ferdinand Marcos
f. Helping the ordinary people

B. Search about the Parliamentary form of government.

Why is it chosen as a system of government during the time of New Society?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________

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C. Answer the following questions:

1. How does President Marcos revive the peace and order under the New
Society?

2. What is your reaction on the disgusting governance of President Marcos?

3. What are the differences between the Presidential and Parliamentary form
of government? List then on the box
Presidential

Parliamentary

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UNIT VI
FOURTH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

Objectives:
To discuss the changes in our government system from the year
1972 until year 1981
To analyze the programs of the government to solve different social
problems
To develop critical understanding to the implications of New Society

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Overview

After THE END of eight years of martial law, the government of the
Philippine Republic changed drastically from the intended parliamentary
democracy to a mixed presidential-parliamentary dictatorship under
President Marcos. This was done through a thorough revision of the 1973
Constitution. Later changes in 1981 gave birth to what President Marcos
called the New Republic, or historically speaking, the Fourth Philippine
Republic. However grand was the dream of President Marcos for the new
government, he plunged the country into the worst political and economic
crisis in its postwar history after the assassination of his political rival, exSenator Benigno S. Aquino Jr.

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LESSON 16

AQUINOS
ASSASSINATION

Objectives:
To recognized former Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr.
To explain the scenario after the assassination of Ninoy Aquino
To write an article about the contributions of former Senator Ninoy Aquino

Life and death of Ninoy Aquino

On August 21, 1983, former Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. (Ninoy), and the leading opposition
spokesman, returned from a three-year exile in the United States. He was shot dead at the Manila
International Airport while in the custody of guards from the Aviation Security Command. Conflicting reports of
the assassination and that of his alleged killer Rolando Galman were assigned to an investigation by a
presidential fact-finding board.
Meanwhile, Senator Aquinos funeral from Santo Domingo Church in Quezon City to Manila Memorial
Park in Paraaque on August 31, 1983, turned out to be the longest and largest procession in the Philippine
history, attended by some two million people from all walks of life.

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Several explanations for the imposition of martial law have been given. Briefly, there are five interpretations, as
follows:

1. The official View

According to Proclamation No. 1081, the martial law edict, the country was in urgent danger of violent,
overthrow, insurrection, and rebellion. Communist subversives, right wing oligarchs, Muslim rebels, urban
terrorists, student demonstrations, economic setbacks, criminals- and even natural disasters- were blamed by the
Marcos Administration for the problems of the country and the need for the extreme measures being taken to
solve them. There would be no change of a government. President Marcos stressed that his martial law did not
mean a military takeover of the government. Civilian authorities would continue to rule. In short, President Marcos
was asking the Filipinos to accept to limitation on their human rights in exchange for countermeasures to save
the Republic and reform the society.

2. Marcos Cronies U.S Plot

Another interpretation for the imposition of martial law implicates President and Mrs. Marcos, their cronies,
and American interests, or combination of these in a conspiracy to seize a power. In its simplest form, this view
claims that martial law was the one man coup of a power hungry dictator. Marcos had plotted and prepared
this conjugal dictatorship since he became president in 1965. He wanted to seize total power, smash all his
opponents, and extend his presidential tenure beyond the constitutional limit of eight years. Another view is that
Marcos did not act alone but in connivance with his wife, Mrs. Imelda Romualdez Marcos and their relatives and
cronies.

Thus, martial law would ensure the dominance of the Marcos political dynasty (with his wife or son as heir)
and control by cronies of the economy over rival elites.

A third variation of this view includes foreign, mainly American in the imposition of martial law. In this view,
Americans wanted to maintain their military bases and multinational corporations in the country, and both these
interests groups gave Marcos support to install a regime that would be a puppet of the American government and
foreign multinationals.

This was the view put forward by former Marcos confidence-turned critic Primitivo Mijares and by other
analysts who wish to put the blame for the martial law era on others.

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However, others felt that martial law became necessary because democracy had failed in the Philippines,
show case of democracy in Asia. In this view, the American-style of democracy, which was based on the
Protestant tradition and established in an under-populated vast country with English-bred founding fathers did not
flourish in a Catholic country of mixed, culture ass over-populated, small and poor as the Philippine was. For
example, Foreign Secretary Romulo regretted that we never had the substance of democracy. The new system
was an attempt to find the middle ground, an effort to restore national discipline. President Richard M. Nixon
said that the U. S. had granted the Philippine Independence too soon. Former Senator William Fulbright brought
that the Philippines has become a nation of fifty million cowards.

4. Democracy Never Existed

To the Communist and left-wing radicals, democracy never really existed in the Philippines. Martial Law was
only the end of an illusion. Democratic institutions, they claimed, had long been destroyed by rich oligarchs and
American neo-colonialists. The fourth anniversary statement of the New Peoples Army (NPA) dismissed the New
Society under Martial Law as only the old society becoming more oppressive and exploitative.

5. Democracy Was Just Succeeding

One final view that real democracy was just succeeding in the Philippines, because political institutions were
rapidly improving. Necessary reforms were being worked out in Congress and in the Constitution Convention
(Con-Con). But Martial Law had aborted the entire process of growth. As evidence that democracy was
succeeding in the Philippines, it was claimed that political activism and nationalism had been strong. Urban
workers, plantation workers and farmers were being organized into unions, federations and cooperatives.
Religious groups had joined the activist group. Economic policy and foreign policy were steadily becoming more
nationalistic. Finally, the Con-Con was in the process of making fundamental improvements to the political
economic and social structure of the society. According to this view, the Marcos Administration and their cronies
reacted to these developments with threat, bribery, violence, and finally, martial law, in order to protect their
interests, because they did not want the changes being asked of them. President Marcos did not want to
relinquish power and give way to his strongest critic, the highly popular Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr., whom
many considered the most likely winner of the next presidential race. Had Marcos left events to develop by them,
former Senator Raul S. Manglapus wrote, the Philippine Republic possessed within itself the capacity to
straighten itself out.

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LESSON 17
ADOPTION OF THE 1973 CONSTITUTION

Philippine Congress

Shortly after the start of Martial Law, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention
(Con-Con) reassembled and resumed work, except for anti-Marcos delegates who had
been detained in the military stockades. They worked more quickly and finished the new
constitution on November 29, 1972, signing it on the following day.

On December 1, 1972, copies of the signed constitution were given to President

Marcos, who in turn submitted it to the people for ratification. In the plebiscite of January
10-15, 1973, the hastily-arranged citizens assemblies, composed of voters (including the
youth down to 15 year olds), were reported to have ratified the constitution by a 95%
positive majority, in open and group voting by raising their hands. At noon of January 17,
1973, President Marcos signed the constitution and put it into immediate effect.

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THE END OF MARTIAL LAW

President Marcos officially ended the Martial Law

On January 17, 1982, President Marcos signed Proclamation No. 2045, ending
eight years and four months of Martial Law in the Philippines. Certain conditions were
attached to this proclamation, such as the continued prominence of the armed forces in
suppressing lawless crimes, insurrection, rebellion or subversion, and the continued
suspension of the privilege of writ of habeas corpus ion the two autonomous regions
(Region IX of Western Mindanao and Region VII of Central Mindanao). Furthermore,
limitations on criticism of the administration were continued by means of the Presidential
Commitment Order (PCO) and Arrest and Seizure without Warrant Orders (ASSO),
whereby the police or military could arrest and detain a person, or seize the property of a
detainee, when the latter engaged in anti-government activities. Thus, the lifting of
Martial Law was dubbed by the oppositions as a mere face lifting and not a real return
to democracy.

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A. With the help of what youve learned

from the
ACTIVITY
16lesson, answer the following questions:

1. What type of government use during 1972 Constitution?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2. What are the 5 interpretation of Martial Law? Use a Concept Map to give your answer.

Martia
l Law
Research about Parliamentary System. Why it is chosen as government system during the time of

3.
Marcos regime?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

B. Do the following:

a. Interview some adults/veterans in your locality. Ask them to share their experiences during Martial Law
on 1972.

b. Compose a poem entitled Discipline is key to Success

c. Form a group consisting 12 members. Make a role playing of a situation during martial law.

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A. Read and answer.

ACTIVITY 17

Ninoy Aquino
Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino was born on November 27, 1932, in Tarlac Province, on the island of Luzon, to
a prominent family. He was the grandson of a general and the son of a Philippine senator who was also a
wealthy landowner. His ambition and energy stood out early when, at age seventeen, he was sent by the
Manila Times newspaper to report on the Korean War (195053). The war was between the Democratic
People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), and was a war in which the
United States and China eventually joined.
At age twenty-two Aquino became the Philippines' youngest mayor in his home-town of Concepcion.
Just six years later he became governor of Tarlac province (a position similar to governing a state). In 1967
Aquino once again made history when he became the youngest senator ever elected in the Philippines.
Meanwhile he married Corazon Cojoangco, with whom he eventually raised five children.
Aquino became famous for his gifts as a public speaker and for his brilliant mind, as well as his great
ambition. He became the leading candidate for the presidency in 1973, when President Marcos was
scheduled to leave office after completing the maximum two terms as president. Aquino's ambition to be
president was never realized, however, because President Marcos declared martial law (a state of emergency
in which military authorities are given temporary rule). At the same time Marcos dissolved the constitution,
claiming supreme power and jailing his political opponents, including Aquino. Aquino was charged with
murder, subversion (intention to undermine legal authority), and illegal possession of firearms.
Although he denied the charges, Aquino was found guilty and was convicted by a military tribunal, or
military court, and spent over seven years in prison. In 1980 he was allowed to go to the United States for a
heart bypass operation. He remained in the United States as a refugee until returning to the Philippines in
1983. Upon arriving at the Manila airport he was shot and killed.

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carried out the assassination. The alleged gunman, who had been shot at the airport
immediately following the shooting of Aquino, could not be cross-examined. The military
carried out its own investigation, and reported that no military personnel were involved in
the death.
The official commission's majority report found that Aquino was not slain by the
alleged gunman, as Marcos and the military claimed, but was the victim of a "criminal
conspiracy" by the military led by General Fabian C. Ver, who was the armed forces chief
of staff. He was also a close friend and cousin of President Marcos. The commission's
findings were astonishing, although from the beginning most Filipinos doubted the official
version of the assassination. No proof was ever presented that directly showed Marcos
was involved, but almost no one in the Philippines believed that military generals would
order the execution of Aquino on their own. Those who suspected Marcos's involvement
noted that Aquino posed a threat as someone who might unite the opposition and who
had been the president's main rival for decades.
As it turned out the democratic opposition to Marcos was strongest after its leader's
death. As Marcos lost the trust of his people, the Philippine economy also fell apart. By
1985 the nation was in political and economic chaos, with Marcos under attack by the
press and by the strengthened political opposition, which did well in elections.
In December 1985 the court proclaimed that General Ver and the others charged
with Aquino's murder were not guilty. Marcos promptly returned Ver to his former
position. Popular unrest with Marcos's rule grew steadily, however. Within weeks a
political movement formed around Aquino's widow, Corazon. She was elected president
of the Philippines in 1986, unseating Marcos.

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Questions:
1. Who is Ninoy Aquino?

2. What are the roles that he handles in the Philippine government?

3. Cite some reason why he imprisoned and murdered.
B. Choose your best leader among the Philippine Presidents whose characteristics are
needed to be acquired by our present leaders.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

Enumerate his/her exceptional characteristics.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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Name: __________________________
Year and Section: _________________

Date: ___________________
Teacher: ________________

UNIT TEST

I. Choose the correct answer. Write your answer to the space provided before the number.

_____ 1. Proclamation 1081 of Pres. Marcos tells about _____

a. End of martial law
b. National Assembly
c. Declaring Martial Law
d. Ratifying New constitution
_____ 2. What form of government is stated in 1973 Constitution?
a. . Monarchy
b. Oligarchy
c. Socialism
d. Pa rliamentary
_____ 3. It is the proclamation that ends martial law
a. Proclamation 2045
b. Proclamation 1045
c. Proclamation 1083
d. Proclamation 2035
_____ 4. When was 1973 Constitution signed?
a. . November 17, 1973
b. December 17, 1973
c. January 17, 1973
d. February 17, 1973
_____ 5. He is a former senator being assassinated in Manila International Airport.
a. Bartolome Cabangbang
b. Ninoy Aquino
c. Rolando Galman
d. Alejo Santos

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Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is not.

__________1. President Marcos wants to boost economic status of the country thats why
he declared martial law.
__________2. Filipino citizens became a disciplinary people during martial law.
__________3. 1935 Constitution gave power to President Marcos to declare martial law.
__________4. Freedom of speech and expression is affected in martial law.
__________5. New Peoples Army helps Marcos administration in governing the people.

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REFERENCES
BOOKS

Santiago, Maguigad, Alcaraz, Mendoza, PILIPINAS KASAYSAYAN AT

PAMAHALAAN 1998.
Teofista Vivar, Ph. D. PILIPINAS: HEOGRAPIYA,KASAYSAYAN AT PAMAHALAAN
1998
Zaide, Gregorio, PHILIPPINE AS A UNIQUE NATION
Abaya, Hernando J., THE UNTOLD PHILIPPINE HISTORY, Quezon City: Malaya
Books Inc., 1967
Agoncillo, Teodoro A. and M.C. Guerero, THE REVOLT OF THE MASSES: the
Story of Bonifacio and Katipunan, Quezon City: University of the Philippines
Press,1956

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O1.
http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/third_republic.ht
ml

URL

02. http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/v/virna_lisa/magkaisa.html
03. http://ninoyaquino.50webs.com/biography.htm
04.
http://www.quezon.ph/familyinfo/quezons-code-of-citizenship-and-eth
ics/
05. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartilya_ng_Katipunan
06.
http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Soc/soc.culture.filipino/20
05-12/msg00102.html
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Rodolfo Buerano Valdenarro Jr. is the youngest son of Mr. Rodolfo K. Valdenarro Sr. and
Mrs. Marilou B. Valdenarro. He was born on March 13, 1992 at Gen Cailles Memorial Hospital
Pakil, Laguna. He finished Elementary in Buhay Elementary School and finished his high
school in Siniloan National High School. He finished his tertiary level in 2012 at Laguna State
Polytechnic University with the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social
Studies.

Glaiza Ruazol Cadapan. is the youngest daugther of Mr. Leandro C. Cadapan (+) and Mrs.
Loreta R. Cadapan. She was born on February 9, 1988 at Brgy. Matalatala, Mabitac, Laguna. She
finished Elementary in Matalatala Elementary School and finished his high school in Siniloan
National High School. She finished his tertiary level in 2012 at Laguna State Polytechnic
University with the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Social Studies.

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