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Properties
Example
Determine the particular gas constant
for air and hydrogen.
kJ
8.1417
kJ
R
u
kmol
K
0.287
R air M
kg
kg K
28.97
kmol
kJ
8.1417
kJ
kmol
K
4.124
R hydrogen
kg
kg K
2.016
kmol
T1
T2
Question ...
Under what conditions is it
appropriate to apply the
ideal gas equation of state?
Compressibility Factor
The
Ideal
Gas
Real
Gases
Z=1
Z > 1 or
Z<1
Real Gases
Pv = ZRT or
Pv = ZRuT, where v is volume
per unit mole.
Compressibility factor
What is it really doing?
It accounts mainly for two things
Molecular structure
Intermolecular attractive forces
Principle of
corresponding states
The
compressibility factor Z is
approximately the same for all
gases at the same reduced
temperature and reduced pressure.
Reduced Pressure
and Temperature
P
T
PR
; TR
Pcr
Tcr
where:
R
(J/kg.K)
Tcrit
(K)
Pcrit
(MPa)
Ar
28,97
287,0
(---)
(---)
O2
32,00
259,8
154,8
5,08
H2
2,016
4124,2
33,3
1,30
H2O
18,016
461,5
647,1
22,09
CO2
44,01
188,9
304,2
7,39
Reduced Properties
This works great if you are given a
gas, a P and a T and asked to find
the v.
However, if you are given P and v
and asked to find T (or T and v and
asked to find P), trouble lies ahead.
Use pseudo-reduced specific volume.
Pseudo-Reduced
Specific Volume
When
not vcr !
Ideal-Gas Approximation
Exercise 3-21
Steam at 600 oC & 1 MPa. Evaluate
the specific volume using the steam
table and ideal gas law
To C
Volume = 0,4011
m3/kg
1MPa
Tcr
180
Solution - page 1
Part (b) ideal gas law
Rvapor = 461 J/kgK
v = RT/P , v = 461x873/106 = 0.403 m3/kg
Steam is clearly an ideal gas at this state.
Error is less than 0.5%
Check:
PR = 1/22.09 = 0.05
& TR = 873/647 = 1.35
TEAMPLAY
Find the compressibility factor to
determine the error in treating
oxygen gas at 160 K and 3 MPa as
an ideal gas.
1 v
0
v T P
T P
T
P T
1 v
0
v P T
T
u u T, v
h h T, P u Pv
s s u , v
u
Cv
0
T v
T v
T
h
CP
0
T P
T P
T
Cp
Cv
1
T
s 1
0
u v
Therefore,
u
du
dT C v ( T )dT
T v
u u 2 u1
T2
T1
C v (T) dT
so h = h(T)
0
P
&
dh C p dT, and
h h2 h1
T2
T1
C p (T)dT
du
Cv
dT
dh
; Cp
dT
ideal gas
ideal gas
h = u + Pv = u + RT
dh du
R
dT dT
Cp = C v + R
kJ
kg K
Cp
Cv
Cp
Cp (T)
C v (T)
(T)
R
1
1
Cv
Cv
Cp = Cp(T)
function of
temperature
u = u2 - u1 (table) h = h2 - h1 (table)
C v (T) dT
u =
u = Cv,av T
C p (T) dT
h =
h = Cp,av T
Isothermal Process
Wb PdV
1
2
1
mRT
dV
V
Wb mRT
2
1
V2
dV
mRT n
V
V1
Polytropic Process
PVn = C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Using P = MRT/V
dQ
dW
0
PdV
dU
MC v dT
CV dT
dV
V
R T
1 1
Integrating from
(1) to (2)
T2 V2
T1 V1
T2 V1
T1 V2
P2 V1
P1 V2
T2 P2
T1 P1
W PdV PV i
dV
V
PV i 1
1
V V
W
1 f
PV f PV i
=0
Q
t.
ns
co
T=
i
v
Polytropic Process
A frequently encountered process for gases
is the polytropic process:
PVn = c = constant
Since this expression relates P & V, we
can calculate the work for this path.
Wb
V2
V1
PdV
Polytropic Process
Process
Constant pressure
Constant volume
Isothermal & ideal gas
Adiabatic & ideal gas
Exponent n
0
1
k=C p/Cv
2
1
PdV c
v2
2
1
dV
n
V
1 n
1 n
V
V2 V1
c
1 n
1-n v1
1-n
n 1
We can simplify it
further
n
n
2
) P1V 1n V 11 n
1-n
1 n
2
P
2 V (V
Wb
P2V2 P1V1
,
1 n
n 1
Polytropic Process
Wb
2
1
PdV
2
1
c
dV
n
V
P2V2 P1V1
, n 1
1 n
V2
, n 1
PVn
V1
Exercise 3-11
A bucket containing 2 liters of water at 100oC is
heated by an electric resistance.
a) Identify the energy interactions if the system
boundary is i) the water, ii) the electric coil
b) If heat is supplied at 1 KW, then how much
time is needed to boil off all the water to steam?
(latent heat of vap at 1 atm is 2258 kJ/kg)
c) If the water is at 25oC, how long will take to boil
off all the water (Cp = 4.18 J/kgC)
Solution - page 1
Part a)
If the water is the system then Q > 0
and W = 0. There is a temperature
difference between the electric coil and
the water.
If the electric coil is the system then Q
< 0 and W < 0. It converts 100% of the
electric work to heat!
Solution - page 2
Part b)
The mass of water is of 2 kg. It comes from 2liters
times the specific volume of 0.001 m3/kg
To boil off all the water is necessary to supply all
the vaporization energy:
Evap = 2285*2=4570 KJ
The power is the energy rate. The time necessary to
supply 4570 KJ at 1KJ/sec is therefore:
Time = 4570/1 = 4570 seconds or 1.27 hour
Solution
page
3
Part c)
The heat to boil off all the water initially at 25oC is
the sum of : (1) the sensible heat to increase the
temperature from 25oC to 100oC, (2) the vap. heat
of part (b)
The sensible heat to increase from 25oC to 100oC is
determined using the specific heat (CP = 4.18
kJ/kgoC)
Heat = 4.18*2*(100-25)=627 KJ
The time necessary to supply (4570+627)KJ at
1KJ/sec is :
Time = 5197/1 = 5197 seconds or 1.44 hour
Exercise 3-12
A bucket containing 2 liters of R-12 is left outside
in the atmosphere (0.1 MPa)
a) What is the R-12 temperature assuming it is in
the saturated state.
b) the surrounding transfer heat at the rate of
1KW to the liquid. How long will take for all R12 vaporize?
Solution - page 1
Part a)
From table A-2, at the saturation
pressure of 0.1 MPa one finds:
Tsaturation = - 30oC
Vliq = 0.000672 m3/kg
vvap = 0.159375 m3/kg
hlv = 165KJ/kg (vaporization heat)
Solution - page 2
Part b)
The mass of R-12 is m = Volume/vL,
m=0.002/0.000672 = 2.98 kg
The vaporization energy:
Evap = vap energy * mass = 165*2.98 =
492 KJ
Time = Heat/Power = 492 sec or 8.2 min
Exercise 3-17
A rigid tank contains saturated steam
(x = 1) at 0.1 MPa. Heat is added to
the steam to increase the pressure to
0.3 MPa. What is the final
temperature?
Solution - page 1
P
Tcr = 374oC
superheated
0.3MPa
0.1MPa
133.55oC
99.63oC
v
Exercise 3-30
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution - page 1
In a reversible and
adiabatic process P, T and
v follows:
P2 V1
P1 V2
T2 P2
T1 P1
=0
Q
t.
ns
co
T=
T2 V1
T1 V2
Solution - page 2
Part a)
The temperature after compression is
P
T2 T1 2
P1
T2 293
1 0.4 1.4
566K ( 293oC)
0.1
Part b)
The density ratio is
V2 1 P2
V1 2 P1
2 1 1 1.4
5.179
1 0.1
Solution - page 3
Part c)
The reversible work:
WREV
PV 2 PV 1 M R T2 T1
1
2 287 566 293
391KJ
Part d)
0.4
The power is:
R T2 T1
dW
M
P
391KW
1
dt
Exerccios Captulo 3
Propriedades das Substncias
Puras
Exerccios Propostos: 3.6 / 3.9 / 3.12 /
3.16 / 3.21 / 3.22 / 3.26 / 3.30 / 3.32 / 3.34
Team Play: 3.1 / 3.2 / 3.4
u =1339,345 kJ/kg
(u = h - P v)