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Introduction
Hardness measurements widely used in
laboratory and as industrial tests
(widely used on castings and forgings)
as a tool characterizing the mechanical
properties of materials.
It can be used to classify the materials
or to identify a material in a group.
Hardness tests are employed at a very
large scale to assess the useful
properties of materials.
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DEFINITION
Hardness is defined as the resistance of a
material to permanent deformation such as:
Indentation
Wear
Abrassion
Scratch
Brinell-indenters
2.5 mm carbide
ball indenter
5 mm carbide ball
indenter
Loads < 1 kg
BRINELL H.T.
ROCKWELL H.T.
VICKERS DIAMOND
PYRAMID H.T.
VICKERS H.T
10
12
4- Hardness
M
A
C
R
O
1-BRINELL
4-VICKERS DIAMOND
2-ROCKWELL
5-KNOOP DIAMOND
M
I
C
R
O
3-VICKERS
6-SCRATCH
9-ULTRASONIC
7-SHORE SCLERSCOPE
10-HOT HARDNESS
8-DUROMETER
16
2
2
2
3
2
3
= constant
3000 kg
10
mm
For example :
187.5 kg
2.5 mm
750 kg
5 mm
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F : applied load, kg
D : Diameter of the ball indenter, mm, and
d : mean diameter of impression, mm.
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d
0.25 <
< 0.60
D
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STANDARDS
In order to be able to standardize the results of such
tests, standart methods of test has been issued by
various institutions, sucs as TS139 of TSE and E10-73 of
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
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testing method.
The Rockwell test consists of measuring
the additional depth to which a steel ball
or Brale diamond penetrator is forced
by a heavy (major) load beyond the depth
of previously applied light (minor) load.
The two superimposed impressions is a
special design feature of the tester,
aimed at elimination of errors in
measurement due to surface
imperfections or distortions around the
periphery of the indentation.
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identation
of depth
is made on the specimen. The
m
depth of this impression serves also as the datum line,
(for the dial gauge is SET to zero) before the major load
is applied.
Since the major load is applied without removing the
minor load the penetrator
is forced beyond the depth of
M
previously applied load by the depth
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After the major load is applied and removed, reading is taken while the minor
load is still in position. The scale letter and Rockwell number indicated by the
large pointer is the hardness of the specimen.
Where
HR = K e
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31
35
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Sources:
Textbook,
BAYDUR,Galip - Malzeme
mmo.org.tr,
images.google.com,
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