Creativity

What is creativity (or creativeness)?

A mental process involving the
generation of new ideas or concepts,
or new associations between existing
ideas or concepts (the act of making
something new).
Without creativity there would be
no progress. We would be forever
repeating the same patterns
Edward de Bono

How creative are you?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Draw a house
Draw a tree to the left of the house
Draw a woman and a man to the
right of the house
Draw a sun above the house
Draw a path leading to the house

Why the decline in creativity?

Family

upbringing (De-geniusing)
Education system
Lack of exercising our creative
powers
Infinite amount of information
Cultural values

Decision Making
Why the need to be creative?
Problem solving
Changes and Improvements
Breaking pattern
New uses

How to engage our creative power?

There are tools and techniques

that will greatly increase our ability
to generate creative ideas that
allow us to get out from our
problem.

What is an expert?
Characteristic of an expert?
Knowledge
Experience
Communication Ability
Connectedness
Curiosity

How to become an expert

By focusing on:
Perpetual learning
Networking
Practice
Presentation skills
Sharing

Decision Making Models

Doing whats right isnt hard

Knowing whats right is
Lyndon B. Johnson

Decision Making Models

The Economic Rationality Model:
Comes from the classical economist models
Decision maker is perfectly and completely
rational in every way.
Complete and consistent system of
preferences that allows a choice among
alternatives.
Complete awareness of all the possible
alternatives.
Use of probability calculations
No limits to the complexity of computations
that can be performed to determine the best
alternatives.

Decision Making Models

The Social Model:
Opposite extreme from the economic
rationality model
Viewed humans as bundles of
feelings, emotions and instincts, with
their behaviour guided by their
unconscious desires

Decision Making Models

Simons Bounded Rationality Model:
A more realistic alternative to the economic
rationality model
Manager attempt to satisfy or looks for the
one alternative which is satisfactory or good
enough. (e.g. profit or market share)
The world is perceived as a simplified model
of the real world.
Choices are made without determining all
possible alternatives
The managers treat the world as empty, they
are able to make decision with simple rule of
thumb.

Decision Making Models

Judgmental heuristics and biases model:Decision makers rely on heuristics
Summarize past experiences and provide an
easy method to evaluate the present.
Substitute simple rules of thumb or
standard operating procedures for complex
information collection and calculation.
Save considerable mental activity and
cognitive processing.
Judgmental Heuristics are mental shortcuts
that society uses to make judgments quickly
and efficiently.

Decision Making Models

Participative Decision-making
Techniques:
Participation involves individuals or
groups in the process
Formal or informal
Making decisions ranges from one
extreme of no participation to the
other extreme of full participation

Decision Making Models

Participative Decision-making:
Can have a wide array of organizational
benefits such as:
Job satisfaction
Organizational commitment
Perceived organizational support
Organizational citizenship behavior
Labor-management relations
Job performance and organizational
performance
Organizational profits

Decision Making Models

May also be presented in the manner:
Two general categories
Rational decision making models
Intuitive decision makingmodels

Rational Decision Making Model

Employs a structured approach that

is orderly and logical
A sequence of steps (e.g. 6-step, 7step, 9-step)
Rational Decision Making
Model
1. Define the problem.
2. Identify the decision criteria
3. Allocate weights to the
criteria.
4. Develop the alternatives.
5. Evaluate the alternatives.
6. Select the best alternative.

Rational Decision Making Model

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

9-Step Model
1. Identify your objective
6-Step Model
2. Do a preliminary survey of your
Define the problem
options
Determine Objective
3. Identify the implicated values
Exploring Alternatives
4. Assess the importance of the
Predicting the
decision
consequences
5. Budget your time and energy
Making choice
6. Choose a decision making
Performing Sensitivity
strategy
Analysis
7. Identify your options
8. Model
Evaluate your options
7-Steps
9. Make your choice - on time, on
1. Establish objectives
budget
2. Classify and prioritize objectives
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Develop alternative actions

Evaluate alternatives against objectives
Tentative decision to most appropriate alternative
Evaluation of tentative decision for more consequences
Decisive action is taken and additional actions to prevent
consequences

Intuitive Decision MakingModels

Represent a subjective way to find a solution

Employs gut feeling, knowledge, and making
judgment calls
3 subcategories

Representative heuristics - making a decision based on

what appears familiar
Anchor heuristics - uses a value system (ethical and
moral principles)
Availability heuristics - relies on memory and past
experiences, along with known facts, to reach a decision.

May include values, ethics, and emotions, along with

past experience

As a persons experience grows, his or her ability to recognize

patterns improves to make decision making more effective.