Some main trends in networking

and related open problems

Prof. Daniel Kofman
ENST-Telecom Paris
Daniel.Kofman@enst.fr

TAU, Israel, 2004

Content
General

context
Core area networks
Fix and mobile access, and sensor networks
Traffic engineering
Euro-NGI presentation
Open discussions

Internet, historical perspective

First generation, before 1992

Research network
Telnet, Email, File Transfer
Low traffic, low number of users

Second generation , the 90s

Commercial services, ISPs

Web and basic peer-to-peer
Traffic and number of networks explosion
Mainly Best Effort approach and simple engineering rules

Main issue: capacity (network and addressing)

Third generation, from now on

Services evolution and convergence

Triple play (Internet/Telecom/Media convergence)

Network and services ubiquity, ambient intelligence

New networking architectures are required
New engineering rules are necessary

Towards IP Multiservice Networks

P2P

Grid
Triple
play

Web

VoIP
MmediaoIP

Support of all
services over IP

SERVICES

IP
INFRASTRUCTURE

IP covers the
Technology
diversity

A new organization of the chain of value

Contenu

Packaging

Transport

Accs

Gestion

Terminaux

client

from
d'uneacomptition
competitionorganise
organizedpar
perservice
service
sur
overl'ensemble
the whole de
chain
la chane
value ...
de valeur ...

Services
Production de
contenus
Production de
contenus
Production de
services

professionnels

Services domicile

Agrgation
A/A&S
Portail
de l'offre
Agrgation
Marketingde A/A&S
Portail
contenus
de l'offre
de contenus
Agrgation
Agregation

Distribution
E - Mdiation

Services

traditionnelle

Services domicile

E - Mdiation

ServicesMarketing
mobiles

de services
of
services

Accs

Transport
Transport
IAP

Accs
Access

Transmission BL
Gestion
de

de
de

l'infrastructure

raccordement abonn

Commutation BL

Bureau

professionnels

Agrgation
Services mobiles
Agrgation
de contenus
Gestion
Client
de contenus
client
Management

Home

Area

Network

Mobiles

Terminals
Terminaux

Production de
services

un schma
towards
a competition
concurrentiel
scheme
organis
organized
par segment
per activity
d'activit
segment

Source: CSTI

Any service, any time, everywhere

Create New Service
OK
Offered Services

IP centrex
Dist. office

Network Operator
Contracted
Services

Modify Service
Backbone

Customer

Access Network

Customer
Premises

Examples of Internet evolutions

From a data network towards a multiservice-multimedia network

From unicast to multicast
The usage of new lower layer technologies (IP/ATM, IP/SONET, IP/DWDM, etc.)
From legacy dial-up to ADSL, HFC, WLL, Wi-Fi, FTTx, PLC, satellites, etc.
From fix to mobile network
From isolation towards service integration with, for example, the telephony
network: NGN architectures
Towards the provisioning of telecommunication services for private companies: IP
VPNs
From software based to hardware based routers architectures (Giga/Tera routers,
flow based routers, etc.)
A very fast evolution of the structure of the traffic requiring new traffic
engineering approaches

The Backbone Evolution, Global View

Different Approaches to Increase
Backbone Capacity

Overlay Networks
R3
R1

R2

IP
C3
C2
C1

ATM

SDH

WDM

C4

Increasing Capacity for IP transport,

Option I: IP over ATM
R
R

IP
Customer
Premises

ATM

SDH

Increasing Capacity for IP transport,

Option II: IP over SONET (SDH)
R
R

IP
Customer
Premises

SDH

Increasing Capacity for IP transport,

Option III: MPLS
LSR
LSR

LSR

MPLS

SDH
oher
Customer
Premises

18

LSR

LSR
... 80

18 ... 54

Switching Capacity, not an issue any

more, but MPLS still needed
LSR
LSR

LSR

MPLS

SDH
(??)
Customer
Premises

Quality of Service
Evolved VPN
Traffic Engineering, Protection
Multicast

Overlay Networks
R3
R1

R2

IP
C3
C2
C1

ATM

SDH

WDM

C4

Main trends
R3
R1
R2

IP

C3
C2
C1

C4

SDH

ATM

Rapid and Predictable Restoration

Standard Time Division Multiplexing

LSR

IP and ATM integration

Label Swapping Paradigm

G-MPLS

SONET/SDH
Dynamic Allocation and Control?

MPLS
Increasing
Capacity Requirements

DWDM
Dynamic Allocation and Control?

Some Interesting problems

Multi-layer

dynamic routing
Multi-layer protection/restoration
Layout optimization under variable traffic
Control and Scheduling in OPS/OBS

From IP over ATM

IP

ATM

 Towards MPLS over OTN

MPLS

OTN

Required granularity change

The Overlay model

Layers are independent in term of Routing

For instance:

IP routers dont see physical topology

Physical channels are (semi-)permanent (Static Overlay) or switched (Dynamic
Overlay).
P

The Peer model

Equipments of both layers are peers w.r.t. routing and signaling.

Routers see physical topology and can open on-demand channels by signaling.
In this example, optical switches dont necessarily see IP topology but transport
IP routing information as opaque information.

IP

Interesting problems
Multi-layer

dynamic routing
Multi-layer protection/restoration
Layout optimization under variable traffic
Control and Scheduling in OPS/OBS
Extension of G-MPLS for multipoint to
multipoint connections

Grooming strategies and

Statistical multiplexing modeling issues

Narrowband access, high aggregation

Broadband access, low aggregation

Realistic costs functions lead to MINLP problems

Given the increase in broadband network access, core
network flows are sporadic and network flows do not
simply add
Hence, need for new statistical models and related
grooming strategies

From LAN ATM towards MAN/WAN

Ethernet

First attempt of technology convergence, pushing ATM from the WAN to the LAN

Second attempt of technology convergence, pushing Ethernet from LAN to

Access, MAN and WAN
What about the AN and the MAN ?

In order to face the increasing requirements of LANs, ATM was introduced based in the
LANE architecture standardized in 1995 by the ATM Forum
But ATM lost the terminal battle and then, partially as a consequence, the LAN war.

From SDH to NG-SDH

From A-PON to E-PON
Ethernet rings and RPR
ATM based xDSL architectures and
Ethernet based xDSL architectures
UMTS, from R99 ATM towards R5 and beyond: all IP
Ethernet over Metro WDM
Etc.

Requirement for a control plane: G-MPLS, L2LSPs and FA-MAs

Requirement for new equipment architectures

Generic / Hybrid Switches

Design of the switching fabric scheduler

Capacity optimization vs QoS guarantees

IP Transport Overview: Overlay

Networks
Applications
IP
Ethernet
ATM

SDH

WDM

The Access Network

Technologies for the Access Network

Access Networks Evolution

Context

New technologies and regulatory conditions

xDSL and Unbundling of the local loop

HFC-Hybrid Fiber Coax
802.11 and WiFi, 802.16 and WiMax
Satellites (LEO/MEO/GEO)
3rd Generation and beyond Mobile Systems
Power Line Communication (PLC)
FTTx, PON, Metro WDM
Next Generation SDH rings
Ethernet rings

Historical non competing operators would like to compete on every service on every market.
Main issue: multi-technology integration

3G and beyond Mobile Networks

Cell capacity optimization and fairness in

HDR/HSDPA networks

Back to TDMA
Considering traffic evolution increases the capacity of the cells
Admission control and scheduling

Opportunistic policies

Transport protocols for wireless and mobile networks

Horizontal integration, All IP mobility

Ubiquity, vertical handover and roaming

Network Architecture Evolution,

Technology Integration, Network Control
Horizontal
From

integration

extremely small to immensely big

Sensor networks, PAN, Ad-hoc networks, access to

infrastructure networks
The IP networking model is no longer applicable

Ubiquity, Mobility, Context Awareness, Location Based Services

Vertical

roaming

Seamless interworking and handover, transparent and dynamic

adaptation of the used technology

End

to End services availability in a Multi-domain

context

Network Architecture Evolution,

Technology Integration, Network Control
Vertical

Integration

Multi-layer

networks
Unified control and management planes

Multi-layer routing, protection, restoration, etc.

Integrated

design of physical, MAC, routing and

upper layers including innovative air interfaces,
optical packet/burst switching, etc.
Services Overlays

Service planes and related middlewares

P2P, Grids, others

Sensor Networks
Deployment

optimization

Coverage,

connectivity and lifetime optimization

Heterogeneous sensor networks
Integrated
Coverage

Enhancing

level 2 and level 3 design

under routing constraints

used models by including physical

and MAC layers constraints

Services overlays
Optimal

and fair resources allocation in P2P

systems
Optimal inter-working between P2P and CDN
systems

Traffic Engineering for IP

networks

Traffic Engineering : Introduction

Various time scales

Physical Resources Planning

Layouts and virtual topologies design
Load sharing
Routing (e.g. QoS sensitive routing)
Admission control
Flow and congestion control
Scheduling and buffer management

Resource Oriented Vs. Traffic Oriented

Trend: Flow aware networking (FAN)

The traffic evolution at the various time scales became very

difficult to predict
Thus, there is a requirement for measurement based traffic
engineering approaches
Different approaches has to be applied to different families of
traffic but the classification has to remain simple
Streaming, elastic long, elastic short
DiffServ requires a complicated traffic engineering to be
efficient
Intserv do not scale
Requirement for other approaches: Flow aware Networking

Flow aware networking and cross-protect

Traffic Engineering : Introduction

Various time scales

Physical Resources Planning

Layouts and virtual topologies design
Load sharing
Routing (e.g. QoS sensitive routing)
Admission control
Flow and congestion control
Scheduling and buffer management

Resource Oriented Vs. Traffic Oriented

Content
General

context
Core area networks
Fix and mobile access, ad-hoc and sensor
networks
Traffic engineering
Euro-NGI presentation
Open discussions

Euro-NGI
57

institutions, 173 researchers, more than 300

PhD students, 18 countries
Academy

and industry
See www.eurongi.org for the list
Leader: GET-Telecom Paris
European

Commission Contribution:
5 000 000 Euros (10% of the total budget)
For

the first 3 years

Starting

Date: December 1st, 2003

Organization of Research Activities

Joint Research Activities: 6

JRA and 25 WPs for which

Specific workshops
Advanced tools for communication
and sharing of information
Management Committees in charge
of controlling that integration is
achieved

Architectural Domains
Core

Fixed
Access

Mobile
IP
Services
Access Networking Overlays

Network Architecture Evolution, Technology Integration,

Control, Managing the diversity
Traffic Engineering, Traffic Management, Congestion
Control and End to End QoS
Optimisation of Protected Multi
-Layer Next Generation
Networks: Topology, Layout, Flow and Capacity Design
Experimentation and Validation Through Platforms
Modeling, Quantitative Methods and Measurements

Socio-Economic Aspects of the Next Generation Internet

Research Domains

Integration and rationalization of

research efforts
Large working groups have been
created
Workshops have been scheduled
The field for cross fertilization
between activities and
workpackages has been prepared

Technology explosion, examples

Core Networks and MAN: Optical Packet/Burst/Flow
Switching, WDM, NG-SDH, Ethernet, IP over OBS, ...
Wired Access Networks: xDSL, HFC, FTTx, PONs,
Metro-DWDM, PLC,
WL / Mobile Networks: WLL,, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, AdHoc, Sensor, Satellite (constellations), GSM/GPRS,
UMTS, 4G, etc.
Network protocols and architectures: IPv6, Mobile IP,
Cellular IP, Transport protocols (TCP optimization
for mobile channels, etc.), MPLS, G-MPLS, etc.
Services infrastructures: Services overlays, Peer-topeer, Grid, IP telephony/multimedia, LBS/CBS,
Midlewares, etc.

JRA.1 Network Architecture Evolution,

Technology Integration, Network Control
Horizontal
From

integration

extremely small to immensely big

Sensor networks, PAN, Ad-hoc networks, access to

infrastructure networks
The IP networking model is no longer applicable

Ubiquity, Mobility, Context Awareness, Location Based Services

Vertical

roaming

Seamless interworking, transparent and dynamic adaptation of

the used technology

End

to End services availability in a Multi-domain

context

JRA.1 Network Architecture Evolution,

Technology Integration, Network Control
Vertical

Integration

Multi-layer

networks
Unified control and management planes

Multi-layer routing, protection, restoration, etc.

Integrated

design of physical, MAC and upper layers

including innovative air interfaces, optical
packet/burst switching, etc.
Services Overlays

Service planes and related middlewares

P2P, Grids, others

JRA.2 Traffic Engineering, Traffic Management,

Congestion Control and End to end QoS

Mechanisms and protocols for controlled bandwidth sharing

Traffic management in a multi-provider context

Admission control, Implicit admission control, resources allocation,

services differentiation, QoS and pricing, etc.

Traffic engineering for a cost effective network

Evolution of Congestion Control protocols, beyond TCP

Interaction with MAC layers (e.g. in wireless networks)
Control algorithms in networks with variable-capacity links.
Active queue management
Per-flow aware networks

Routing in multilayer networks, constrain based routing, load sharing,

layout optimization, etc.

QoS in multi-service wireless networks

Application of techniques for congestion control, traffic management

and traffic engineering to the specific context of multiservice wireless
networks: CDMA, WLAN (802.11x), WiMax, ad hoc and sensor
networks.
Planning of new generation celular networks and of hybrid wireless
access networks

JRA.3 Optimisation of Robust Multi-Layer NGIs:

Topology, Layout, Protection, Flow and Capacity Design
Optimisation

of protected multi-layer core

networks: topology, layout, flow and capacity
design
Optimisation of protected access networks
topology, layout, flow and capacity design
Study of methods for achieving network
resilience/robustness
Development of a European Network Design
Tool for Next Generation Internet

JRA.4 Experimentation and Validation

Through Platforms

Integration and sharing of Platforms

Experimental

European wide IP over WDM, MPLS,

IPv6 network deployment
Evaluation of innovative services: Grids, virtual
reality based CAD, Telemedecine, etc.
Software-based

Test-Beds Development for

Traffic Engineering Experimentation
Distributed

European

emulation of next generation networks

wide Measurement Platforms

JRA.5 Modelling, Quantitative Methods

and Measurements
IP traffic

characterization, measurements and

statistical methods
Dynamics of networks under new traffic
paradigms
Spatial network modelling and stochastic
geometry
Networks optimization and control
Numerical and analytic methodologies

JRA.6 Socio-Economic Aspects

Quality

of Service from the users perspective

and feed-back mechanisms for quality control

Payment

and cost models for Next Generation

Internet
Security Spreading of excellence

Content
General

context
Core area networks
Fix and mobile access, ad-hoc and sensor
networks
Traffic engineering
Services overlays
Euro-NGI presentation
Open discussions