Learning

Learning

Links to Learning Objectives

DEFINITION OF LEARNING
LO 5.1 Learning

OPERANT CONDITIONING (Part 2)

LO 5.8 Controlling behavior and resistance
LO 5.9 Behavior modification

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
LO 5.2 Study of and important elements
LO 5.3 Conditioned emotional response
OPERANT CONDITIONING (Part 1)
LO 5.4 Operant, Skinner and Thorndike
LO 5.5 Important concepts
LO 5.6 Punishment problems
LO 5.7 Reinforcement schedules

COGNITIVE LEARNING
LO 5.10 Latent learning, helplessness and
insight
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
LO 5.11 Observational learning theory

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Definition of Learning

LO 5.1

earning
Relatively
permanent
change
in
behavior
due
to
experience
What does relatively permanent
mean? How does experience
change what we do?

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

5.2 How was classical conditioning first studied and what are the important elements?

Ivan Pavlov
1849-1936
Russian physiologist
Discovered classical
conditioning
Reflexes, stimuli &
responses

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Elements of Classical Conditioning

STIMULUS

CONDITIONED
(learned)
RESPONSE

RESPONSE

UNCONDITIONED
(unlearned)

STIMULUS

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Putting It Together

Neutral
Conditioned
Stimulus

Unconditioned
Stimulus

Unconditioned
Conditioned
No
Response

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GENERALIZATION & DISCRIMINATION

CS during
conditioning

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Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery

Acquisition
CS + US

Extinction
CS alone

Extinction
CS alone

Amount of
spontaneous
recovery

REST

TRIALS

TRIALS

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Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

5.5 What is a conditioned emotional response?

SIGHT OF
LOVER

RACING
HEART

KISS

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Other Conditioned Responses

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Why does classical conditioning work?

Pavlov believed that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time
with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animals
brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. He called this
process stimulus substitution.
-Page 187 (Ciccarelli & White)

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Operant Conditioning

Whats in it for me?

5.4 How does operant conditioning occur? Who were Skinner and Thorndike?

Operant conditioning
voluntary behavior
learned through
consequences
Thorndikes Law of Effect
responses followed by
pleasurable
consequences are
repeated
Thorndikes puzzle box

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Skinners Contribution
B. F. Skinner
1904-1990
Studied observable,
measurable behavior
operant voluntary
behavior
learning depends on
consequences

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The Heart Of Operant Conditioning

learning a reflex really depends on what comes
before the responsethe antecedant. But in
operant conditioning, learning depends on what
happens after the responsethe consequence. In a
way, operant conditioning could be summed up as
this: If I do this, whats in it for me?
-Pages 189, 190 (Ciccarelli & White)

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einforcement
Any
consequence
that
makes
a
response
more
likely

Reinforcement
5.5 What are the important concepts in operant conditioning?

Secondary
reinforcing
via pairing
with primary
reinforcer

Primary
reinforcer
meeting a
basic
biological
need or
drive

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S-R-S (Operant) Theory

Antecedant
Stimulus

Pass cooking test

and graduate
Consequent

Final exam for culinary

arts school

Choose to spend
time preparing

Response

Stimulus

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Different Types of Reinforcement

Positive
addition of
pleasurable
stimulus
Negative
removal,
escape or
avoidance of
aversive
stimulus
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Classical vs. Operant

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unishment
Any
consequence
that
makes
a
response
less
likely

Different Types of Punishment

Application
addition of
unpleasant stimulus
Removal removal
of pleasurable
stimulus
Punishment by
removal vs. negative
reinforcement

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Punishment Problems
5.6 What are some of the problems with using punishment?

Severe punishment, fear and anxiety

Severe punishment and avoidance
Modeling of aggression

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Making Punishment More Effective

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Schedules of Reinforcement: FR
5.7 What are the schedules of reinforcement?

FR: same number of desired

responses required

Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio

Rapid response
rate with short
pauses

Fixed Interval
Variable Interval

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Schedules of Reinforcement: VR
VR: number of responses
required varies for each event

Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio

Rapid rate
without
pauses

Fixed Interval
Variable Interval

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Schedules of Reinforcement: FI
FI: always same time before
reinforcement opportunity

Fixed Ratio

Long pauses
occur after
reinforcement

Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval

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Schedules of Reinforcement: VI
VI: Reinforcement possibilities
after varying amounts of time

Fixed Ratio

Slower, steady
rate without
pauses

Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval

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END OF FIRST SECTION OF

SLIDES

Jump to next section

Lecture Activities

 How might a strict behaviorist

help you to abandon one of
your unhealthy habits?

Classical Conditioning In The Classroom

Lets see if we can set up and test a scenario for
classically conditioning a simple reflex, right here in
the classroom. Pair up!
US:
UR:
NS:
NS + US --> UR
CS:
CR:
CS --> CR
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Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment

In small groups, decide which of the following illustrates negative
reinforcement or punishment by removal. Discuss your rationale.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Playing less aggressively in a soccer game to avoid a red card.

Being thrown out of a soccer game for playing too aggressively.
Mailing your income tax in on time to avoid a late penalty.
Losing some of your money to pay a late penalty for filing your
taxes after April 15th.
Obeying your parent, before she reaches the count of three, to
avoid punishment.

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Do we repeat the past?

What was your experience with punishment
and reward, growing up? Were you rewarded
for good grades? How about spankings for
misbehavior? How did your parents
encourage and discourage your behaviors?
Will you punish and reward like your
parents?

Learning

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