A

SEMINAR ON
SATELLITE OPTICAL
COMMUNICATION
SUBMITTED BYYASHWANT KUMAR SAHU
0601EC101066
III SEM. E.C.E.

GUIDED BY:
MR.M.R.AHIRWAR
E.C.E. DEPT.
I.G.E.C. SAGAR

1. INTRODUCTION
2. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
3. OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
4. SATELLITE IN GENERAL
5. COMMUNICATION SATELLITE COMPONENT
6. APPLICATION
7. CONCLUSION

*Satellites are a revolution in telecommunication (in 20th

century) has changed the way the people live. The need
for increasing number of channels on a link has given
rise to various wideband communication systems.
Satellites are primarily developed for long distance
telephone communications.

* For handling increased information, we need wideband

links such as coaxial cables, microwave line-of-sight

links requiring repeater stations, satellite links,
waveguide links and optical fiber links Optical fiber
communication, developed in the 1980, have
revolutionized the telecommunications industry and
played a major role in the advent of the Information
Age.

*Because

of its advantages over electrical

transmission, the use of optical fiber has largely
replaced copper wire communications. The fiber
optic feed, because of its quality and reliability,
soon became the primary video feed. The
development of laser technology was the next
important step in the establishment of the
industry of fiber optics.

* In 1945, Arthur C. Clarke provided what most consider the initial

principles for Satellite Communications. He stated that a spacestation orbiting 42,000 km above the equator could act as a
repeater to relay transmissions between any two points on the
hemisphere beneath it. It was not until the early 1960s that the
first workable communications satellite was built and launched.

* By the end of World War II, the world had had a taste of "global

communications." Edward R. Murrow's radio broadcasts from

London had electrified American listeners.

* The

first television programs were being broadcast, but the

greater amount of information required transmitting television
pictures required that they operate at much higher frequencies
than radio stations.

* To d

o t h a t television broadcasting uses microwave frequency

range satellite acts as a microwave link repeater in space.

* The need for reliable long-distance ground communication systems

has existed since the distant past. Over time, the sophistication of
these systems has gradually improved, from smoke signals to
telegraphs and finally to the first coaxial cable, put into service in
1940.
* As these communication systems improved, certain fundamental
limitations presented themselves. Electrical systems were limited
by their small repeater spacing and the bit rate of microwave
systems was limited by their carrier frequency.
* In the second half of the twentieth century, it was realized that an
optical carrier of information would have a significant advantage
over the existing electrical and microwave carrier signals. However,
no coherent light source or suitable transmission medium was
available.
* Then, after the development of lasers in the 1960s solved the
first problem, development of high-quality optical fiber was
proposed as a solution to the second. Optical fiber was finally
developed in 1970 .

*Satellites

are geostationary, it means they require 24

hours to orbit the earth.
*Velocity of a satellite depends on distance of it from
earth.
*Satellites in closer orbits require less power
requirements.
* Actual orbit velocity of geostationary satellite is
11000km/hr.
*Most popular band for satellite communication is 6 GHz
(c-band) for uplink & 4 GHz for downlink .
*However radio interference limits the applications of
communication satellites operating in 6/4GHz band. This
problem
is
eliminated
in
second
generation
communication satellites that operate in 14/12GHz
band.

*Every

communications satellite in its simplest form involves

the transmission of information from a source ground station
to the satellite (the uplink), followed by a retransmission of
the information from the satellite back to the ground (the
downlink).
*The downlink may either be to a select number of ground
stations or it may be broadcast t o everyone in a large area.
* Hence the satellite must have a receiver and a receiver
antenna, a transmitter and a transmit antenna, some method
for connecting the uplink to the downlink for retransmission,
and prime electrical power to run all of the electronics. The
exact nature of these components will differ, depending on
the orbit and the system architecture, but every
communications satellite must have these basic components.

*The

amount of power which a satellite transmitter needs to

send out depends a great deal on whether it is in low earth
orbit or in geosynchronous orbit.
* This is a result of the fact that the geosynchronous satellite is
at an altitude of 22,300 miles, while the low earth satellite is
only a few hundred miles.
*The geosynchronous satellite is nearly 100 times as far away
as the low earth satellite.
*One of the biggest differences between a low earth satellite
and a geosynchronous satellite is in their antennas.
*As mentioned earlier, the geosynchronous satellite would
require nearly 10,000 times more transmitter power, if all
other components were the same.
*One of the most straightforward ways to make up the
difference, however, is through antenna design. Virtually all
antennas in use today radiate energy preferentially in some
direction.

* However, the commercial station will use an antenna that

radiates very little power straight up or straight down.

* Since they have very few listeners in those directions power
sent out in those directions would be totally wasted.
*The easiest way to do this is simply to make the antenna
larger.
* Doubling the diameter of a reflector antenna (a big "dish") will
reduce the area of the beam spot to one fourth of what it
would be with a smaller reflector.
*We describe this in terms of the gain of the antenna. Gain
simply tells us how much more power will fall on 1 square
centimeter with this antenna than would fall on that same
square centimeter .
* If the transmitter power were spread uniformly over all
directions. This is one of the primary ways that the
geosynchronous satellite makes up for the apparently larger
transmitter power which it requires.

* DTH services were first proposed in India in 1996, but due to concerns of

national security and a cultural invasion -- from mainly the Western

countries -- it did not pass approval of the Indian government.
* In 1997 the government even imposed a ban when the Rupert Murdochowned Indian Sky Broadcasting was about to launch its DTH services in
India.
* Finally in 2000 DTH was allowed. But the new policy mandated that all
operators can only broadcast using Indian satellites.
* Clearly the first company to jump into the fray was the state-owned TV
broadcasting giant Doordarshan (DD) (using C-band transponder).

*INDIAN SATELLITES.

* Currently besides DD, the other DTH operators are a broadcaster known

as Dish TV that is owned by a local TV channel and Tata Sky, a joint

venture between the local Tata group and Rupert Murdoch's Star group
.And waiting in the queue are, reportedly two very large local players,
the sun network and Anil Ambani of reliance group.

* Free space optical communication between satellites networked

together can permit high data rates between different places on earth.
The use of optical radiation as a carrier between the satellites permits
very narrow beam divergence angles. Due to the narrow beam
divergence angle and the large distance between the satellites the
pointing from one satellite to another is complicated.
Because of fiber optic technology immense potential bandwidth, 50
THz or greater, there are extraordinary possibilities for future fiber
optic applications. Already, the push to bring broadband services,
including data, audio, and especially video, into the home is well
underway. Broadband service available to a mass market opens up a
wide variety of interactive communications for both consumers and
businesses, bringing to reality interactive video networks, interactive
banking and shopping from the home, and interactive distance learning.
The last mile for optical fiber goes from the curb to the television set
top, known as fiber-to-the- home (FTTH) and fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC),
allowing video on demand to become a reality.