Pumps

A device which imparts mechanical

energy to the fluid in terms of increasing
kinetic energy is called a pump.
In pumps pressure differences are
considerable and density is constant.

Classifiaction
Majorly

pumps are divided into

two categories

Centrifugal pumps
2. Reciprocating pumps
1.

Centrifugal Pump
Major

class of the pump.

Mechanical energy of fluid is
increase by centrifugal action.
Parts of centrifugal pump
Eye(suction)
Impeller(vanes)
Volute
Drive shaft
Discharge

Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal

pump converts the input power

to kinetic energy, by accelerating the liquid
with help of a revolving device-an imppller.

Fluid

enters the pump through eye of the

impeller which rotates at high speed.

The

fluid accelerated radially outward from

the pump chasing. A vacuum is created at
the impeller draws more fluid into the pump.

Centrifug
Pump

Fluid
In

Characteristics of centrifugal
pump

The liquid is not forced through the outlet,

so the pump can operate against a closed
valve without causing immediate damage.
Gives a steady no-pulsating flow.
It requires priming.
Cannot develop very high pressures.
Cannot be used to pump liquid at or near
the boiling point. If he liquid is at boiling
point then vapour would collect inside the
pump chamber , which is called as
cavitation.

For

high pressure multistage

centrifugal pumps can be used.
But the operating cost will
increase.

Characteristic curves

The

plots of actual head, total

power consumption and
efficiency Vs Volumetric flow rate
are called characterisc curves.

Head & Capacity

Power & Capacity

Efficiency & capacity

Loss of head & power

He

develop head of an actual pump is

less than that of the theoretical head.
Also efficiency is less than unity.
The following being the reasons for this
head & power loss and less efficiency.
1. Circulatory flow which is end to end
flow of the liquid within the impeller
channel.
2. Fluid friction in he passage and
channels of the pump.

Loss of head & power

Shock loses are from sudden change in
direction.
4. Leakage is the unavoidable reverse
flow from the impeller discharge back
to the eye.
5. Disk friction is the friction between the
puter surface of the impeller and pump
casing.
6. Bearing losses constitute the power
required to overcome friction in
bearing and stuffing boxes.
3.

Effect of speed of impeller

If

n is the speed of the impeller

then

varies with n
H varies with n2
Efficiency varies with n3

Different types of heads

Total

Static head - total head when the pumpis not

running.
Total dynamic head ( total system head)- total head
when the pump is running.
Static Suction Head head on the suction side, with
pump off, if the head is higher than the pump impeller.
Static suction lift Head on the suction side, with
pump off, if the head is lower than the pump impeller.
Static discharge head - head on the discharge side
of pump with the pump off.
Dynamic suction Head- head on suction side of
pump with pump on.
Dynamic discharge head- head on discharge side
of pump with pump on.

Positive Displacement
Pump
In

these pumps a definite volume of

the fluid is trapped in a chamber,
which is alternately filled from the
inlet and emptied at higher
pressure through the discharge.
Further divided into two sub-groups
as follow
1. Reciprocating
2. Rotary

Reciprocating pump
Discharge

pressure for piston

pump may upto 50atm.

Plunger pump
They

are higher pressure pumps

and dischrage pressure upto
1500atm.

Diapharam pump
A

diaphragm pump is a positive displacement pump

that uses a combination of the reciprocating action of
a rubber, thermoplastic and suitable non-return check
valves to pump a fluid. Sometimes this type of pump
is also called a membrane pump.
Characteristic:
They can handle sludges and slurries with a relatively
high amount of grit and solid content.
can be used to make artificial hearts.
have good self priming capabilities
cause a pulsating flow that may cause water hammer.
Can develop discharge pressure upto 100 atm and
handle moderate amounts of liquid 100gal/mint.

Efficiency of reciprocating
pumps
Mechanical

efficiency of
reciprocating pumps varies from
40-50% for small pumps and 7090% for large pumps.

Volumetric

efficiency :
is the ratio of the volume of the
fluid discharge to the volume
swept by the piston or plunger.

In

positive displacement pumps the

vol. efficeincy is nearly constant with
increasing discharge pressure.
Although it drops a little because of
leakage.
Because of the constancy volume flow,
plunger and diaphragm pumps are
widely used as metering pumps,
Injecting liquid into a process system a
constant adjustable volumetric rate.

Characteristic of Reciprocating
pumps

Deliver

fluid at high pressure

Self priming pumps
They produce a pulsating flow.

Rotary pumps
Positive

displacement rotary pumps are

pumps that move fluid using the principles of
rotation. The vacuum created by the rotation
of the pump captures and draws in the
liquid.

Rotary pumps
Unlike

reciprocating pumps , rotary

pumps contains no check valve.
Close tolerances between the moving
and stationary parts minimize leakage
from discharge space back to the
suctionspace.
Rotary pumps operate best on clean,
moderately viscous fluids.
Discharge pressure upto 200atm or more
can be attained.

Advantages:

Rotary pumps are very efficient

because they naturally remove air from the lines,
eliminating the need to bleed the air from the
lines manually.

Drawbacks:

Positive displacement rotary pumps

also have their weaknesses. Because of the
nature of the pump, the clearance between the
rotating pump and the outer edge must be very
close, requiring that the pumps rotate at a slow,
steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at
high speeds, the fluids will cause erosion.

Types of Rotary pumps

Gear

pump
Lobe pump
Screw pump
Vane pump
Peristaltic pump

Gear pumps
a

simple type of rotary pump

where the liquid is pushed
between two gears.

Lobe pump

Screw pump
the

shape of the internals of this

pump usually two screws turning
against each other pump the
liquid. Single screw pumps are
also there.

Vane pump
consisting

of a cylindrical rotor
encased in a similarly shaped housing.
As the rotor turns, the vanes trap fluid
between the rotor and the casing,
drawing the fluid through the pump.

Peristaltic pump
A

peristaltic pump, or roller pump, is

a type of positive displacement pump
used for pumping a variety of fluids
The fluid is contained within a flexible
tube fitted inside a circular pump
casing .