An Introduction to Operating

Systems
By
MD. Sakawat Hossain
114 121 012

Outline

Definition
Evolution of OS
Types of Operating Systems
Operating System By Proprietary
Various Kinds Of OS

Definition
An Operating System, or
OS, is low-level software
that enables a user and
higher-level application
software to interact with a
computers hardware and
the data and other programs
stored on the computer.
An OS performs basic tasks,
such as recognizing input
from the keyboard, sending
output to the display screen,
keeping track of files and
directories on the disk, and
controlling peripheral
devices such as printers.

Other Services
Program Execution
OS provides an environment where the user can conveniently run
programs. The user does not have to worry about memory allocation
or CPU scheduling.
I/O Operations
Each program requires input and produces output. The OS hides
some of the details of the underlying hardware for such I/O. All the
user sees is that the I/O has been performed, without those details.
Communications
There are instances where processes need to communicate with
each other to exchange information. It may be between processes
running on the same computer or running on different computers.
The OS provides these services to application programs, making
inter-process communication possible, and relieving the user of
having to worry about how this accomplished.

Application programs and OS

Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other
programs, called application programs, can run.
The choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great
extent the applications a user can run.
For example, the DOS operating system contains commands such
as COPY and RENAME for copying files and changing the names of
files, respectively. The commands are accepted and executed by a
part of the operating system.
Similarly, the UNIX operating system has commands like CP and
MV to copy and rename.

Evolution of OS:
The evolution of operating systems went through seven
major phases.
Six of them significantly changed the ways in which
users accessed computers through the open shop, batch
processing, multiprogramming, timesharing, personal
computing, and distributed systems.
In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent
programming were developed and demonstrated in
model operating systems.
(Cont)

Evolution of OS (cont..):
Major
Phases

Technical
Innovations

Operating
Systems

Open Shop

The idea of OS

IBM 701 open shop

(1954)

Batch
Processing

Tape batching,
First-in, first-out
scheduling.

BKS system (1961)

Multiprogramming

Processor multiplexing, Atlas supervisor

Indivisible operations,
(1961),
Demand paging,
Exec II system (1966)
Input/output spooling,
Priority scheduling,
Remote job entry
(Cont)

Evolution of OS (cont..):
Timesharing

Simultaneous user
interaction,
On-line file systems

Multics file system

(1965),
Unix (1974)

Concurrent
Programming

Hierarchical systems,
Extensible kernels,
Parallel programming
concepts, Secure parallel
languages

RC 4000 system (1969),

13 Venus system
(1972),
14 Boss 2 system
(1975).

Personal
Computing
Distributed
Systems

Graphic user interfaces

OS 6 (1972)
Pilot system (1980)

Remote servers

WFS file server (1979)

Unix United RPC (1982)
24 Amoeba system
(1990)

UNIX
UNIX was one of the first operating
systems to be written, in 1971.
Advantages of UNIX
Multitasking multiple programs can run
at one time.
Multi-user allows more than a single
user to work at any given time. This is
accomplished by sharing processing
time between each user.
Safe prevents one program from
accessing memory or storage space
allocated to another program, and
enables file protection, requiring users to
have permission to perform certain
functions, such as accessing a directory,
file, or disk drive.

Types of Operating Systems

Batch Processing
Real-time
Single User
Multi-Tasking
Multi-User
Embedded

Batch Processing Operating System

In a batch processing operating system interaction between the
user and processor is limited or there is no interaction at all
during the execution of work. Data and programs that need to be
processed are bundled and collected as a batch and executed
together.
Batch processing operating systems are ideal in situations where:
There are large amounts of data to be processed.
Similar data needs to be processed.
Similar processing is involved when executing the data.
The system is capable of identifying times when the processor is idle at
which time batches maybe processed. Processing is all performed
automatically without any user intervention.

Real-time Operating System

RTOS are used to control machinery,
scientific instruments, and industrial
systems.
There is typically very little user- interface
capability.
Resources are managed so that a
particular operation executes precisely the
same every time.

Single User Operating System

A single user OS as the name suggests is
designed for one user to effectively use a
computer at a time.
Example:

MS-DOS
AmigaOS
Classic Mac OS
Windows 1.0
Windows 2.0
Windows 3.0
Windows 3.1x
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME

Multi-Tasking Operating System

An operating system that is capable of
allowing multiple software processes to
run at the same time.
Example: Unix
Windows 2000

Multi-User Operating System

A multi-user operating system allows for
multiple users to use the same computer
at the same time and different times.
Example:
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000

Embedded Operating System

An embedded system is a computer
system designed for specific control
functions within a larger system
It is embedded as part of a complete
device often including hardware and
mechanical parts.

Operating System By
Proprietary

IBM
Acorn Computers
Microsoft
Amiga Inc.
Apollo Computer
Scientific Data
Systems (SDS)
Apple Inc.
Atari
Fujitsu
Google
Green Hills Software

Various Kinds Of OS
Microsoft Windows
DOS (Disk Operating
System)
OS/2
Linux
Mac OS
AmigaOS

NOS (Network Operating

System)
WebOS (Web operating
system)
Personal digital assistants
(PDAs)
Smartphone's and Mobile
phones OS

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical
interface operating systems developed,
marketed, and sold by Microsoft.
Microsoft introduced an operating
environment named Windows on November
20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in
response to the growing interest in graphical
user interfaces (GUIs)

Microsoft Windows (Cont..)

Versions:
Early versions
Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, and Windows 2.1x

Windows 3.0 and 3.1

Windows 95, 98, and Me
Windows NT family
64-bit operating systems

Windows CE
Future of Windows

Microsoft Windows 1.0

Microsoft Windows 1.0 is a 16bit graphical operating environment,
developed by Microsoft Corporation and
released on November 20, 1985.
It was Microsoft's first attempt to
implement a multi-tasking graphical user
interface-based operating environment on
the PCplatform.

Windows 2.0
Windows 2.0 is a 16-bit Microsoft
Windows GUI-based operating
environment that was released on
December 9, 1987 and is the successor
to Windows 1.0.

Windows 2.1x
Windows/286 2.10 and Windows/386 2.10
were released on May 27, 1988, less than
a year after the release of Windows 2.0.
These versions can take advantage of the
specific features of the Intel 80286 and
Intel 80386 processors.

Windows 3.0
Windows 3.0, a graphical environment, is
the third major release of Microsoft
Windows, and was released on May 22,
1990. It became the first widely successful
version of Windows and a rival to Apple
Macintosh and the Commodore Amiga on
the GUI front. It was followed by Windows
3.1.

Windows 3.1
Windows 3.1 released on April 6, 1992,
includes a TrueType font system (and a
set of highly legible fonts), which
effectively made Windows a
viable desktop publishing platform for the
first time

Windows 95
The initial design and planning of
Windows 95 can be traced back just after
the release of Windows 3.1. to around
March 1992
It was released on August 24, 1995

Windows 98
Windows 98 (codenamed Memphis) is
a graphical operating system by Microsoft.
It is the second major release in
the Windows 9x line of operating systems.
It was released to manufacturing on May
15, 1998 and to retail on June 25, 1998.
Windows 98 is the successor toWindows
95

Windows Me
Windows Millennium Edition,
or Windows Me is a graphical operating
system released on September 14, 2000
by Microsoft
It was the last operating system released
in the Windows 9x series.

Windows NT
Windows NT is a family of operating
systems produced by Microsoft, the first version
of which was released in July 1993. It was a
powerful high-level-language-based, processorindependent, multiprocessing, multiuser
operating system with features comparable to
Unix.
The first release was NT 3.1 (1993)
NT 3.5 (1994), NT 3.51 (1995), NT 4.0 (1996),
and Windows 2000,

64-bit operating systems

Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and
Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to
support the x86-64 architecture. Microsoft
dropped support for the Itanium version of
Windows XP in 2005.
Windows Vista (x86 and x64 editions)
The modern 64-bit (Windows 7
and Windows Server 2008)

Windows CE
Windows CE (officially known as Windows
Embedded Compact), is an edition of
Windows that runs on minimalistic
computers, like satellite navigation
systems and some mobile phones
current Windows CE 7.0.

Future of Windows
windows 8(consumer preview)
Windows 8 is the next version of Microsoft
Windows, a series of operating systems
produced by Microsoft for use on personal
computers, including home and business
desktops, laptops, tablets, and home theater
PCs. The release to manufacturing (RTM) was
announced for August 2012, and Windows 8 will
be available to users starting October 26, 2012

Dos

MS-DOS
PC-DOS
DR-DOS
FreeDOS
PTS-DOS
ROM-DOS

MS-DOS
MS-DOS short for Microsoft Disk Operating System)
is an operating system for x86-based personal
computers. It was the most commonly used
member of the DOS family of operating systems,
and was the main operating system for
IBM PC compatible personal computers during the
1980s to the mid 1990s, until it was gradually
superseded by operating systems offering a
graphical user interface (GUI), in particular by
various generations of the Microsoft Windows
operating system.

IBM PC DOS
IBM PC DOS (full name: The IBM
Personal Computer Disk Operating
System) is a DOS system for the IBM
Personal Computer and compatibles,
manufactured and sold by IBM from the
1980s to the 2000s.

Digital Research, Inc.

DR-DOS
DR-DOS (DR DOS, without hyphen up to
including v6.0) is an MS-DOScompatible operating system for IBM PCcompatiblepersonal computers, originally
developed by Gary Kildall's Digital
Research and derived
from Concurrent PC DOS 6.0, which was an
advanced successor of CP/M-86. As
ownership changed, various later versions
were produced as Novell DOS, Caldera
OpenDOS

FreeDOS
FreeDOS is an operating system for IBM PC
compatible computers. FreeDOS is made up of
many different, separate programs that act as
"packages" to the overall FreeDOS Project. As a
member of the DOS family, it provides mainly
disk access through its kernel, and
partial memory management, but no
default GUI (FreeDOS 1.1 was released on 2
January 2012; many of the packages making up
FreeDOS are updated or added to frequently.

PTS-DOS
PTS-DOS is a disk operating system, a DOS clone,
developed in Russia by PhysTechSoft.
PhysTechSoft was formed in 1991
in Moscow, Russia by graduates and members
of MIPT, informally known as PhysTech. At the end
of 1993, PhysTechSoft released the first
commercially available PTS-DOS as PTSDOS v6.4. The version numbering followed MSDOS version numbers, as Microsoft released MSDOS 6.2 in November 1993.

ROM-DOS
ROM-DOS was introduced in 1989 as
an MS-DOS compatible operating system
designed for embedded systems. It
includes backward compatibility build
options allowing compatibility with specific
versions of MS-DOS

OS/2
OS/2 is a series of computer operating system,
initially created by Microsoft and IBM, then later
developed by IBM exclusively. The name stands
for "Operating System/2," because it was
introduced as part of the same generation change
release as IBM's "Personal System/2 (PS/2)" line
of second-generation personal computers. The
first version was released in December 1987 and
many newer versions were released after, until
December 2001

Linux
Linux is a Unix-like computer operating
system assembled under the model
of free and open source
software development and distribution.
The defining component of Linux is
the Linux kernel, an operating system
kernel first released 5 October 1991
by Linus Torvalds

Mac OS
Mac OS is a series of graphical user
interface-based operating
systems developed by Apple Inc. for their
Macintosh line of computer systems. The
original form of what Apple would later
name the "Mac OS" was the integral and
unnamed system software first introduced
in 1984 with the original Macintosh, usually
referred to simply as the System software.

AmigaOS
AmigaOS is the default
native operating
system of
the Amiga personal
computer. It was
developed first
by Commodore
International, and initially
introduced in 1985 with
the Amiga 1000.

Versions:
AmigaOS 1.03.9 (Motorola
68000)
AmigaOS
4 (PowerPC)

NOS
A networking operating system (NOS), also
referred to as the Dialoguer is the software that
runs on a server and enables the server to
manage data, users, groups, security,
applications, and other networking functions.
The network operating system is designed to
allow shared file and printer access among
multiple computers in a network, typically a local
area network (LAN), aprivate network or to other
networks.

Windows Server 2003

Windows Server 2003 is
a server operating system produced
by Microsoft, released on April 24, 2003.
An updated version, Windows Server
2003 R2, was released to manufacturing
on December 6, 2005.

Windows Server 2008

Originally known as Windows Server
Codename "Longhorn

officially released on February 27, 2008

WebOS
Web operating system are terms that describe network services for
Internet scale distributed computing, as in the WebOS Project at UC
Berkeley and the WOS Project.In both cases, the scale of the web
operating system extends across the Internet, like the web.
Chrome OS
G.ho.st
eyeOS
DesktopTwo
YouOS
Browser OS
Glide OS
iCloud
Joli OS

Personal digital assistants (PDAs)

A personal digital assistant (PDA), also
known as a palmtop computer, or personal
data assistant is a mobile device that
functions as a personal information manager.
PDAs are largely considered obsolete with
the widespread adoption of smart phones
Symbian OS
iOS
Windows CE

Symbian OS
Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) and
computing platform designed for smartphones
and currently maintained by Accenture
The Symbian platform is the successor to
Symbian OS and Nokia Series 60; unlike
Symbian OS, which needed an additional user
interface system
Symbian OS was originally developed by
Symbian Ltd.

iOS
iOS (previously iPhone OS) is a mobile operating
system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally
released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has been
extended to support other Apple devices such as
the iPad and Apple TV. Unlike Microsoft's Windows
CE (Windows Phone) andGoogle's Android, Apple does not
license iOS for installation on non-Apple hardware.
As of June 12, 2012, Apple's App Store contained more than
650,000 iOS applications, which have collectively been
downloaded more than 30 billion times.
It had a 23% share of the smartphone operating system units
sold in the first quarter of 2012, behind only Google's Android.

Smartphone's and Mobile phones OS

BlackBerry OS
Embedded Linux
Access Linux Platform
Android
Mobilinux
MotoMagx
webOS

PEN/GEOS, GEOS-SC, GEOS-SE

iOS
Palm OS
Symbian
Windows Mobile

BlackBerry OS
BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile
operating system, developed by Research
In Motion (RIM) for its BlackBerry line
of Smartphone handheld devices.

Embedded Linux
Embedded Linux is the use
of Linux in embedded computer systems
such as mobile phones, personal digital
assistants, media players, set-top boxes,
and other consumer
electronics devices, networking equipment
, machine control, industrial automation,
navigation equipment and medical
instruments.

Android
The Android logo, featuring a stylized green robot.
The version history of the Android operating
system began with the release of the Android beta
in November 2007
Android is a Linux-based operating system for
mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet
computers. It is developed by the Open Handset
Alliance, led by Google
ice-cream sandwich 4
honeycomb 3

ice-cream sandwich 4
The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream
Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1, was
publicly released on October 19, 2011.
Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0
was "theoretically compatible" with any
Android 2.3.x device in production at that
time. The source code for Android 4.0 became
available on November 14, 2011. The update
introduced numerous new features, including

honeycomb 3
On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0
(Honeycomb) SDK the first tablet-only
Android update was released, based on
Linux kernel 2.6.36. The first device
featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom
tablet, was released on February 24,
2011. Changes included

Thank You

&

Any Question ?

Types Of OS

Single User

Windows 2.0

Windows 2.1x

Windows 3.0

Windows 3.1

Windows CE

BlackBerry OS