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5
AC Meter.
School of Computer and
Communication Engineering, UniMAP
Prepared By:
Amir Razif
Jamil
Abdullah
EMT b.
113:
V-2008
5.0 AC Meters.
5.1 Introduction to AC Meters.
5.2 DArsonval Meter Movement
Half-Wave Rectification.
5.3 DArsonval Meter Movement
Full-Wave Rectification.
with
with
5.1 Introduction to AC
Five principal meter movement that are commonly
used in
ac instruments;
Meters.
(i) Electrodynamometer.
(ii) Iron-Vane.
(iii) Electrostatic.
(iv) Thermocouple.
(v) DArsonval (PMMC) with rectifier.
The dArsonval meter is the most frequently used
meter movement, event though it cannot directly
measure alternating current or voltage.
In this chapter it will discuss the instruments for
measuring alternating signal that use the dArsonval
meter movement.
Contd
(a) AC Voltmeters and Ammeters
AC electromechanical meter movements come in two basic
arrangements:
(1) Based on DC movement designs.
(2) Engineered specifically for AC use.
Permanent-magnet moving coil (PMMC) meter movements
will not work correctly if directly connected to alternating
current, because the direction of needle movement will
change with each half-cycle of the AC.
Permanent-magnet meter movements, like permanentmagnet
motors, are devices whose motion
depends on the polarity of the
applied voltage, Figure 5.1.
Contd
(b) DC-style Meter Movement for AC application.
If we want to use a DC-style meter movement
such as the D'Arsonval design, the alternating
current must be rectified into DC, Figure 5.2.
This can be accomplished through the use of
devices called diodes.
The diodes are arranged in a bridge, four diodes
will serve to steer AC through the meter movement
in a constant direction throughout all portions of
the AC cycle:
Contd
(c) Iron-Vane Electromechanical.
The AC meter movement without the inherent polarity
sensitivity of the DC types.
This design avoid using the permanent magnets. The
simplest design is to use a non-magnetized iron vane
to move the needle against spring tension, the vane
being attracted toward a stationary coil of wire
energized by the AC quantity to be measured, Figure
5.3.
The electrostatic meter movements
are capable of measuring very high
voltages without need for range
resistors or other, external apparatus.
Contd
(d) AC Voltmeter with Resistive Divider.
When a sensitive meter movement needs to be reranged to function as an AC voltmeter, seriesconnected "multiplier" resistors and/or
resistive voltage dividers may be employed just
as in DC meter design, Figure 5.4.
Contd
(e) AC Voltmeter with Capacitive Divider.
Capacitors may be used instead of resistors,
though, to make voltmeter divider circuits.
This strategy has the advantage of being nondissipative; no true power consumed and no
heat produced. Refer to Figure 5.5.
Contd
E ave E dc 0.318 * E p
E ave
Ep
0.45 * E rms
E dc
0.45 E rms
Rs the
half-wave
Rm rectifier is 10V
Rmonly, a dc
If the output voltage from
I dc of approximately
I dc
voltmeter will provide an indication
4.5 V.
S ac 0.45S dc
10
Compute the value of the multiplier resistor for a 10 Vrms ac range on the
voltmeter shown in Figure 5.7.
Solution:
Figure 5.7: AC Voltmeter
Find the sensitivity for a half wave rectifier.
Using Half-Wave
Rectification.
S ac 0.45S dc 0.45 *
1
450
I fs
V
Rs S ac * Rangeac Rm
450 10V
*
300 4.2 K
V
1
11
Contd
12
Figure 5.9.
Contd
Operation;
(a) During the positive half cycle (red arrow), currents flows through
diode D2, through the meter movement from positive to negative, and
through diode D3.
- The polarities in circles on the transformer secondary are for the
positive half cycle.
- Since current flows through the meter movement on both half cycles,
we can expect the deflection of the pointer to be greater than with the
half wave cycle.
- If the deflection remains the same, the instrument using full wave
rectification will have a greater sensitivity.
(b) Vise-versa for the negative half cycle (blue arrow).
14
Contd
From the circuit in Figure 5.9, the peak value of the 10 Vrms
signal with the half-wave rectifier is,
E ave 0.636 E p 9V
S ac 0.9 * S dc
15
Each diode in the full-wave rectifier circuit in Figure 5.10 has an average forward
bias resistance of 50 Ohm and is assumed to have an infinite resistance in the
reverse direction. Calculate,
(a) The multiplier Rs.
(b) The AC sensitivity.
The equivalent DC sensitivity.
Solution:
(a) Calculate the current shunt and total current,
I sh
E m 1mA * 500
1mA
Rsh
500
and
I T I sh I m 1mA 1mA 2mA
16
Contd
E dc 9.0V
4.5 K
IT
2mA
Rm Rsh
Rm Rsh
4500 2 * 50
S ac
500 * 500
4.15 K
500 500
RT
4500
450 / V
Range
10V
S dc
1
1
500 / V
I T 2mA
or
S dc
S ac 450 / V
500 / V
0.9
0.9
17