PLUMBING MATERIALS

PIPE MATERIALS
Cast Iron (Vertically or centrifugally cast)
Steel
Reinforced Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Galvanized iron tubes
Copper
Brass
Wrought Iron
Asbestos Cement
Lead
Polyethylene
Unplasticized PVC pipes

PLUMBING MATERIALS
Ceramics
Earthenware ball clay, heavy
Vitreous China strong, light and less absorbent earthenware
Water closets, wash basins and urinals; accessories like
toilet paper holders, soap dishes, etc.
Fire clay Used in large fittings, rough handling locations;
kitchen sinks, slop sinks, and urinals
Cast Iron
Bath tubs, wash basins and sinks; vitreous enamelled
Used in rough handling environment
Taps, hydrants and supply fittings in railway stations and
public buildings

PLUMBING MATERIALS
Pressed Steel, Mild Steel
Bath tubs, wash basins and other applications similar to
CI
Light, easy to handle
Stainless steel
Sinks, wash basins; water closets especially in railway
train toilets
Fiber-glass Reinforced Plastics (FRP)
Bath tubs, shower trays, wash basins
Swimming pool diving boards, water slides
Acrylic
Harder, smoother and more scratch resistant than FRP
Bath tubs, sometimes wash basins and sinks

PLUMBING MATERIALS

Polymarble
Clay and resins; heavy
Colors, easy mouldability
Bath tubs, wash basins, shower trays
Alloys Brass and Gun Metal
Supply taps, mixing fittings, waste fittings and traps
Electroplated with Cu or Cr or Ni or all.
Expensive finishing, e.g. gold plating, power coating in
many colors, burnished brass, silver and non-shining
matt finishing
Excellent workability
Plastics
Light, corrosion resistant, tough, easy to mould
Used in rough handling locations

PLUMBING MATERIALS
Characteristics
Smooth, non-absorbent material
Strength and available sizes
Workability
Finishing
Cost
Environmental considerations

SUITABLE PIPE SELECTION

Criteria
Design life
Cost involved
Hot or cold water
Material and environment characteristics strength,
roughness, ease of transportation, available sizes, and
availability of skilled labor
General Principles
Corrosion resistant material
Lead may be used only for flushing and overflow
pipes
Polyethylene and unplasticized PVC pipes should
not be installed near heat sources.

TAPS AND VALVES

PILLAR AND BIB TAPS
Pillar Tap. basins, baths and sinks.
Combined hot and cold pillar taps with
fixed or swivel outlet
Bib Tap. Wall fixing.

TAPS AND VALVES

Allows replacing washer

during supply on.

Easy to operate
Used in hospitals

TAPS AND VALVES

Bib

TAPS AND VALVES

Pillar

TAPS AND VALVES

Bath Supply

TAPS AND VALVES

Wash Basin

TAPS AND VALVES

Globe
Valve. slow
closing
stop valve
for high
pressure
locations

TAPS AND VALVES

Gate or sluice
valve.
Stop valve for
low pressure
installations.

TAPS AND VALVES

Drain
Valve.
Lowest
point in
the pipe
systems,
boilers and
storage
vessels

TAPS AND VALVES

Float
valves.
Cisterns

TAPS AND VALVES

Float Valves.
Pressure range
Low 275 kPa
Medium 690
kPa
High 1380 kPa

COPPER PIPE JOINTS

Bronze Welding.
Push-fit joints are made from polybutylene.
Above ground pipe work. Non-manipulative compression
joints (no special provision to prevent pulling out of the
joint)
Below ground pipe work. Manipulative compression joints
(resist pull out).
Capillary joints. Fit wire wool, flux, solder flow with heat
application; solder alloys Cu, Sb

COPPER PIPE JOINTS

COPPER PIPE JOINTS

STEEL PIPE JOINTS

Threaded joints
sealed by nontoxic jointing paste
and hemp or
polytetrafluorethyl
ene.
Union joints permit
slight deflection
without leakage
Plain ended steel
pipes may be
joined by welding

CAST IRON PIPE JOINTS

FLANGED JOINT

SPIGOT AND SOCKET JOINT

PVC PIPE JOINTS

POLYTHENE PIPE JOINTS

HOUSE-WATER
CONNECTION

PIPING SYMBOLS

PIPING SYMBOLS

PIPING SYMBOLS

PIPING SYMBOLS

NBC GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
Wholesome water supply for drinking and culinary purposes

No cross-connection between pure and contaminated water

pipes
No back-flow towards the source of supply
Maintain definite air gap in all appliances (minimum 15 cm or
twice pipe bore for storage cisterns)
Water-tight pipes and pipe-connections
No piping under wastewater pipes
Corrosion protection measures in corrosive environments (e.g.
corrosive soils, proximity to electric cables), e.g. exterior CI
tubing
Sufficient strength of pipes underground or under traffic loads
or frost
Maximum rate of discharge required
Economy in labor and materials

NBC GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

Avoid formation of air locks

Avoid noise transmission
Avoid unsightly arrangement
Smooth joints
Gradual size and direction changes
No direct connection of boilers or hot machinery,
use feed cistern

NBC PIPEWORK
REQUIREMENTS
Adequate size
providing required rate and pressure of flow

Use sluice and other valves to divide main into sections of

shutting off for maintenance
Avoid dead ends
Wash-out valve not to discharge directly into drain or
sewer, interpose a trap chamber
Air valves at all summits and washout at low points
between summits.
Mains to follow general contour, rise towards air valves and
fall towards washouts; always ensure positive pressure
everywhere
Clear cover over pipe 90cm under roadways and 75 cm
under footpaths
Locate mains in easily identifiable locations where there
are telephone and electric cables, etc. laid.

NBC COMMUNICATION
PIPES REQUIREMENTS
Communication Pipes (Between water main and stopcock at the boundary of premises) A
communication pipe may serve many premises, if an
owner owns many adjacent premises
Disconnection using screwed ferrules upto 50mm dia
pipes and T-branch off for larger diameter
Identification and repair is easy of communication
pipe and underground service pipe both are
perpendicular to main and parallel to each other
All communication pipes to have a stop-cock and
concealed meter for inspection and observation by
authority

NBC CONSUMER PIPES

REQUIREMENTS

Underground connection to communication pipe

Use stop-cocks suitably to minimize interruption during
repairs of sections
Do not use booster pumps directly on the service pipe,
use it on a storage tank
Consideration of expansion and contraction or other
movements
No service pipe connection with distribution pipe; tanks
may backflow into service pipes causing contamination
and overpressure
No direct service pipe connection with any water closet
or urinals; use separate storage tanks instead
No direct service pipe connection to hot water apparatus

NBC WATER STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS
Purpose
To provide against interruptions of the supply caused by
repairs to mains, etc.
To reduce the maximum rate of demand on the mains
To tide over periods of intermittent water supply
To maintain a storage for firefighting requirements
Provisions
Generally welded, riveted or pressed galvanized steel
tanks are used. Steel tanks bitumen coated internally and
exterior painted with anti-corrosive weather-resistant
paint are also used.
Tanks are covered with dust-tight, mosquito-proof lids and
are provided with mosquito-proof warning pipes.
Stop valve or stop tap at each outlet except overflow pipe

NBC WATER STORAGE

REQUIREMENTS
Storage capacity requirements criteria
Hours of supply at sufficiently high pressure to fill up the
overhead tank
Frequency of replenishment of overhead tanks during 24 hours
Rate and regularity of water supply
Consequences of exhausting storage particularly in case of
public buildings like hospitals.
Generally minimum half a days supply is stored when the
water supply is intermittent and the hours of supply are
irregular.
It is not necessary to have separate storage for flushing and
sanitary requirements when there is only one communication
pipe provided for water supply to a building. Tap water for
flushing purpose from lower level and other domestic purposes
from upper level outlets.

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Wash Down Water

PLUMBING FIXTURES
Double Siphonic Water Closet
A. Flush Lever
B. Flush Chamber
C. Pressure reducing device
D. Suction chamber for C (-ve pr.)
E. Atm. pr. for siphon action

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Wall Hung Water Closet

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Squatting Type Water

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Universal Water

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Valve

Low Volume Water Closet

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Flush Valve Installation

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Automatic

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Urinals With Flush

PLUMBING FIXTURES

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Bide

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Bath

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Shower

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Wash

PLUMBING FIXTURES

PLUMBING FIXTURES

Laboratory Table Piping