WIRELESS

COOOPERATIVE
COMMUNICATION

By:
Varsha Vimal
PhD(ECE)
Roll No.901306001

INTRODUCTION

With the advancement of wireless

communication [1], demand has increased
for
higher data rates
larger coverage area,
smaller handset and
reduced cost.

FADING

In a wireless environment, there is

deterioration in the signal quality due
fading [4] due to constructive and
destructive
interference
from
the
multipath components which makes the
receiver difficult to extract the signal
correctly.

The multipath fading results from a

transmitted signal arriving at a destination
via multiple and typically independent paths.

The destination sees a superposition of

multiple copies of the signal, each of which
has a magnitude and phase dependent on the
distance and geometry of the path it
followed.

If the phases of the replica signals all have similar

values, they will add constructively at the
destination, producing a stronger than expected
signal given the distance between the nodes.

Unfortunately, if the replicas are out of phase,

destructive interference occurs, producing a weaker
signal.

A fading channel is a communication channel

comprising fading.

In wireless systems, fading may either be due to

multipath or
shadowing

In order to mitigate the fading effects, one can either

use a
- stronger signal or
- use a different communication path, which is,
at least for the duration of the transmission, less
affected by fading than the direct source to
destination

The latter is known as diversity [5] .

DIVERSITY

In wireless communications, a diversity

scheme refers to a method for improving the
reliability of a message signal by using two or
more communication channels with different
characteristics. The basic idea of any diversity
techniques is to provide the receiver with
independently faded copies of the transmitted
signal.

Diversity can be space, time , frequency or

their variants.
Diversity plays an important role in
combating
fading
and
co-channel
interference and avoiding error bursts.
It is based on the fact that individual
channels experience different levels of
fading and interference.

DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES

Time diversity: Multiple versions of the same

signal are transmitted at different time instants.

Frequency diversity: The signal is transmitted

using several frequency channels.

Space diversity: The signal is transmitted over

several different propagation paths.

SPATIAL DIVERSITY

Spatial or transmit diversity can be

achieved from multi-antenna system
where multiple antennas are installed at
the transmitter and the receiver, known as
the
multiple-input
multiple-output
(MIMO) systems.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna

systems have been considered as an efficient
approach to address the demands of
- higher data rates
- more reliable transmission link
- satisfactory quality of service
- significant multiplexing and diversity gains
without increasing requirements on bandwidth and
power.

Specifically, due to size, cost, or hardware

limitations, a wireless agent may not be
able to support multiple transmit antennas.

In physical layer an important opportunity

arises with cooperation.

WIRELESS COOPERATION

The key idea in user-cooperation is that of

resource-sharing among multiple nodes in a
network.

Due to the broadcast nature of wireless medium,

as the data is transmitted to its destination in
multiple hops, many nodes in the vicinity can
hear these transmissions.

In a cooperative network, two or more nodes

share their information and transmit jointly as a
virtual antenna array.

Willingness to share power and computation

with neighboring nodes can lead to savings of
overall network resources.

This enables them to obtain higher data rates

and diversity than they could have individually.

COOPERATIVE DIVERSITY
A three-terminal network is a fundamental
unit in user cooperation. Diversity
obtained through multi-hop transmissions
is referred to as the cooperative diversity.
cooperative
diversity
encompasses
wireless nodes relaying the signals of other
nodes on to their respective destinations

Introduction

What are STBCs & DSTBCs ?

Way we use Distributed Space Time Block Codes?
Problems / Drawbacks of Distributed Space Time Block
Codes
Spreading
Design
Solutions
Dis-Joint Time Slots
Different Frequency Bands
Decode and Forward & Amplify and Forward (will be
discussed in next slides)

Two Phase Transmission Protocol

Illustration:

Space Time Block Codes

What are Space Time Block Codes ?

One of the primary problems associated with forwarding
information from relays to a destination in a cooperative
wireless network is how information is transmitted from
the relays over time, i.e., the space-time transmission
scheme.

STBCs Cont..

Linear Dispersion (LD) Space Time Block Codes

ti = Ais + Bis
where s is the column vector containing the complex
conjugates of s and the complex T2 T1 matrices Ai
and Bi are called dispersion matrices

Example of LD STBCs is:

One linear dispersion code that has been proposed

for cooperative communication with R=2 relays is
described by the dispersion matrices

Bit Error Rate Performance of 4 Systems:

COOPERATIVE RELAYING

Cooperation is possible whenever the number

of communicating terminals exceeds two.

Therefore, a three-terminal network is a

fundamental unit in user cooperation special
three-terminal channel, labeled the relay
channel.

COOPERATIVE RELAYING
A relay channel is a three-terminal
network consisting of a source(S), a
relay(R) and a destination(D).
The source broadcast to both relay and
destination.
Also, the relay forward the received
message to the destination.

A RELAY CHANNEL

Relay systems can achieve distributed spatial

diversity in wireless networks of single-antenna
devise transmitting over quasi-static fading channel

Relaying can be used to form a virtual antenna array.

The strategy of cooperative diversity can be exploited

by exchanging the role of source and relay

COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOLS

Estimate and Forward

Decode and Forward

Coded cooperation

ESTIMATE AND FORWARD

The user (relay) receives a noisy version of
the signal transmitted by the partner (source).
The relay sends an estimate of the source
transmission to the destination.
This strategy is also known as compress-andforward or quantize-and-forward protocol .

The amplify-and-forward protocol is a special

case of the above strategy where the estimate
of the source transmission is simply the signal
received by the relay, scaled up or down
before retransmission.

The noisy signal is simply amplified and

retransmitted.

Amplify-and-Forward distributed STBC:

Each relay using this protocol simply converts the

received signal to baseband
And then passing it through a pair of filters matched
to the in-phase and quadrature basis functions.
The Matched signals are sampled
Which gives T1 complex samples that are placed
into the vector ri
Finally the relay transmits a linear combination of
the samples in ri and its conjugates at power P2

The normalized signal transmitted by node Ni

in vector form is given by

Performance Analysis:

The achievable diversity in this case can also be find by

the technique used in point-to-point space-time coded
system
By bounding the pairwise error probability
The main result or achieved diversity is given by the
expression given below:

The Synchronization Problem:

Delay Diversity:
The point-point communication over multiple channels
provide diversity
The Following Scheme is used:
in the first time slot, the symbol x[1] is transmitted on
antenna 1 and all other antennas are silent. In the second
time slot, x[1] is transmitted from antenna 2 and x[2] is
transmitted by antenna 1 and all other antennas remain
silent. At time slot m, x[m l] is transmitted on antenna l
+ 1 for l = 0, 1, . . . L 1.
This transmission scheme yields a received signal that is
identical to that received in a SISO frequency selective
channel with L paths. This special point-point space-time
coding scheme is called delay diversity

Delay Tolerant Space-Time Codes

Another approach is Delay Tolerant is used whose

performance in insensitive to delays among each relay
Let S be a code word matrix from a synchronized spacetime block code and let S be the code matrix received at
destination due to transmission or propagation delay.
The S can be given by the expression:

DECODE AND FORWARD

The user (relay) attempts to detect the

partners bits (source) and then retransmits the
detected bits.

The decode-and-forward protocol is close to

optimal when the source-relay channel is
excellent, which practically happens when the
source are relay are physically near each other.

Decode-and-forward distributed
STBC

Consider Two Phase Relay Network

Assume First Channel Transmission is corrupted by noise
Guarantee of data loss
This Problem is solved by using decode-and-forward
protocol
Each node decodes the received signal and only passes it to
next phase if the signal received is correct
Work of DSTBCs started in second phase
It requires each relay to fully decode the signals received

Performance Analysis

Performance depends on error control code

If LDPC code is used for measuring performance
then performance is mentioned by informationoutage probability of the link

the probability that the conditional mutual information

between the channel input and output is below some
threshold.

Final Expression for end-to-end outage probability

Numerical Analysis:
We can determine the outage probability for a network
comprised of R relays that uses a particular space-time
code by the expression given below:

CODED COOPERATION
This method integrates cooperation into
channel coding.
It sends different portions of each users
code word via two independent fading
paths.
Each user tries to transmit incremental
redundancy for its partner.

More power is needed because each

transmitting for both users, however the
transmit power for both users may be
because of diversity gain.

user is
baseline
reduced

A user transmit both the own bits as well as some

information for the partner, but the spectral efficiency
of each user improves because due to cooperation
diversity the channel code rate can be increased.

CONCLUSION

Cooperation: Paradigm shift in wireless

communications offers
Spatial diversity and robustness to fading
Higher throughputand Higher signal quality
Opportunistic use of network energy and
bandwidth

 Higher

data rates, fewer retransmissions

so less network delay

Lower

total transmitted energy which

reduces interference and extends the
battery life

Extended

coverage

Cooperation in 4G cellular wireless standards

studying cooperation at all layers of the protocol
stack
Theory + implementation
Determining methods having less detailed CSI
for precoding
Selection of the modulation scheme

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