LIPIDS

Definition :
§ are large class of naturally occurring
compounds that are characterized by their
solubility in non-polar organic compounds
and insolubility in water.
§are organic substances made up of fatty
acids and their naturally existing
compounds and derivatives.
FATTY ACIDS-monocarboxylic acids
that contains long, unbranched hydrocarbon
chains (generally 12-16 C atoms)

O
R C OH

#1 Carbon Acid Group

O
R C OH Polar End - Hydrophilic End

Non-polar End - Hydrophobic End

(Fat-soluble tail)
CHARACTERISTICS :

 These are the building blocks of all

saponiafiable lipids

 Rarely found free in nature ( ex : D -
galactose )

 Melting point depends on the bond
length
 C L A S S I F I C A T I
O N :
A .Saturated fatty acid- have a carbon chain in
which C-C are single bonds. (gen formula:
CnH2nO2)
NAME RATIO Formula Source


Butyric acid 4:0 CH3(CH2)2COOH BUTTER FAT

Caproic acid 6:0 CH3(CH2)4COOH BUTTER FAT

Caprylic acid 8:0 CH3(CH2)6COOH COCONUT OIL

Capric acid 10:0 CH3(CH2)8COOH PALM OIL

Lauric acid 12:0 CH3(CH2)10COOH LAUREL OIL

Myristic acid 14:0 CH3(CH2)12COOH NUTMEG OIL, COCONUT

OIL

Palmitic 16:0 CH3(CH2)14COOH PALM OIL, LARD,

COTTONSEED OIL

Stearic acid 18:0 CH3(CH2)16COOH PEANUT OIL, LARD

Arachidic acid 20:0 CH3(CH2)18COOH PEANUT OIL

 Coconut
Nutmeg
Palm Oil
Butter fat oiloil Lard
Peanutoil
Cottonseed oil
Laurel
Oil
DISORDERS OF LIPID
METABOLISM

Gaucher's Disease
 is caused by a buildup of glucocerebrosides in
tissues.
 glucocerebrosides, which are a product of fat
metabolism, accumulate in tissues.
 is the most common lipidosis.
 is most common among Ashkenazi (Eastern
European) Jews
 leads to an enlarged liver and spleen and a
brownish pigmentation of the skin. Accumulations
of glucocerebrosides in the eyes cause yellow
spots called pingueculae to appear. Accumulations
in the bone marrow can cause pain and destroy
bone.


Tay-Sachs Disease
 is caused by a buildup of gangliosides in the
tissues. This disease results in early death.
 gangliosides, which are products of fat
metabolism, accumulate in tissues.
 most common among families of Eastern
European Jewish origin.
 At a very early age, children with this disease
become progressively intellectually disabled
and appear to have floppy muscle tone.
Spasticity develops and is followed by
paralysis, dementia, and blindness. These
children usually die by age 3 or 4. The disease
cannot be treated or cured.
 During pregnancy, Tay-Sachs disease can be
identified in the fetus by chorionic villus
sampling or amniocentesis

Niemann-Pick Disease


 is caused by a buildup of sphingomyelin or

cholesterol in the tissues. This disease causes
many neurologic problems.
 the deficiency of a specific enzyme results in the
accumulation of sphingomyelin (a product of fat
metabolism) or cholesterol
 The most severe forms tend to occur in Jewish
people. The milder forms occur in all ethnic
groups.
 In the most severe form (type A), children fail to
grow normally and have several neurologic
problems. These children usually die by age 3.
Children with type B disease develop fatty growths
in the skin, areas of dark pigmentation, and an
enlarged liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. They
may be intellectually disabled. Children with type
C disease develop symptoms during childhood,
with seizures and neurologic deterioration.

Fabry's Disease
 is caused by a buildup of glycolipid in tissues. This
disease causes skin growths, pain in the
extremities, poor vision, recurrent episodes of
fever, and kidney or heart failure.
 glycolipid, which is a product of fat metabolism,
accumulates in tissues. Because the defective
gene for this rare disorder is carried on the X
chromosome, the full-blown disease occurs only in
males.
 The accumulation of glycolipid causes noncancerous
(benign) skin growths (angiokeratomas) to form on
the lower part of the trunk. The corneas become
cloudy, resulting in poor vision. A burning pain
may develop in the arms and legs, and children
may have episodes of fever. Children with Fabry's
disease eventually develop kidney failure and
heart disease, although most often, they live into
adulthood. Kidney failure may lead to high blood
pressure, which may result in stroke.
