Safety Measures: Engr. Zaheer Ahmad

Safety Measures
Engr. Zaheer Ahmad
SAFETY
Safety is the state of being "safe the condition of

being protected against physical, social, financial,
political, emotional, occupational, psychological,
educational or other types or consequences of
failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any
other event which could be considered nondesirable.
Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com
TYPES OF SAFETY
Normative safety
Normative safety is a term used to describe products or designs
that meet applicable design standards.
Substantive safety
Substantive, or objective safety means that the real-world
safety history is favorable, whether or not standards are met.
Perceived safety
Perceived, or subjective safety refers to the level of comfort of
users. For example, traffic signals are perceived as safe, yet
under some circumstances, they can increase traffic crashes at
an intersection.
SAFETY MEASURES
Safety measures are activities and precautions taken to improve safety,
i.e. reduce risk related to human health. Common safety measures
include:
Root cause analysis
Visual examination for dangerous situations
Visual examination for flaws such as cracks, peeling, loose
connections.
Safety margins/Safety factors
Implementation of standard protocols and procedures
Training of employees, vendors, product users
Instruction manuals
Use of Personal Protective Equipments
Instructional videos
Examination of activities by specialists

Government regulation
Industry regulation.
Self-imposed regulation of various types.
Periodic evaluations of employees, departments, etc.
Routine Hand Wash
Repeat procedures until hands are clean

Areas Most Frequently

Missed
HAHS 1999
Safety measures for PPE
Personal protective equipment (PPE)

ASSESS THE RISK of exposure to body substances or
contaminated surfaces BEFORE any health-care activity.
Make this a routine!
Types of PPE
1- Gloves protect hands
2- Gowns/aprons protect skin and/or clothing
3- Masks and respirators protect mouth/nose
----Respirators protect respiratory tract from airborne
infectious agents
4- Goggles protect eyes

5- Face shields protect face, mouth, nose, and eyes
Gloves
Purpose patient care, environmental

services, other
Glove material vinyl, latex, nitrile, other
Sterile or nonsterile
One or two pair
Single use or reusable
Gowns or Aprons
Purpose of use
Material
Natural or man-made
Reusable or disposable
Resistance to fluid penetration
Clean or sterile
Face Protection
Masks protect nose and mouth
Should fully cover nose and mouth and prevent
fluid penetration
Goggles protect eyes

Should fit snuggly over and around eyes
Personal glasses not a substitute for goggles
Anti fog feature improves clarity
Face Protection
Face shields protect face, nose, mouth, and eyes

Should cover forehead, extend below chin and wrap
around side of face
Respiratory Protection
Purpose protect from inhalation of

infectious aerosols (e.g., Mycobacterium
tuberculosis)
PPE types for respiratory protection
Particulate respirators
Half- or full-face elastomeric respirators
Powered air purifying respirators (PAPR)
How to Don a Gown

Select appropriate type and size
Opening is in the back
Secure at neck and waist
If gown is too small, use two gowns
Gown #1 ties in front
Gown #2 ties in back
How to Don a Mask

Place over nose, mouth and chin
Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge
Secure on head with ties or elastic
Adjust to fit
How to Don a Particulate Respirator
Select a fit tested respirator

Place over nose, mouth and chin
Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge
Secure on head with elastic
Adjust to fit
Perform a fit check
Inhale respirator should collapse

Exhale check for leakage around face
How to Don Eye and Face Protection

Position goggles over eyes
and secure to the head using
the ear pieces or headband
Position face shield over face
and secure on brow with
headband
Adjust to fit comfortably
How to Don Gloves

Don gloves last
Select correct type and size
Insert hands into gloves
Extend gloves over isolation gown cuffs
Sequence for Removing PPE
Gloves
Face shield or goggles
Gown
Mask or respirator
How to Remove Gloves (1)
Grasp outside edge near

wrist
Peel away from hand,
turning glove inside-out
Hold in opposite gloved
hand
How to Remove Gloves (2)
Slide ungloved finger

under the wrist of the
remaining glove
Peel off from inside,
creating a bag for both
gloves
Discard
Remove Goggles or Face Shield
Grasp ear or head

pieces with ungloved
hands
Lift away from face
Place in designated
receptacle for
reprocessing or disposal
Removing Isolation Gown

Unfasten ties
Peel gown away from
neck and shoulder
Turn contaminated
outside toward the
inside
Fold or roll into a
bundle
Discard
Removing a Mask
Untie the bottom, then

top, tie
Remove from face
Discard
Removing a Particulate Respirator
Lift the bottom elastic

over your head first
Then lift off the top
elastic
Discard
Safety
Safety in a car is the art of protecting the human
occupant, at whatever cost to the car. Designing the
car to be damaged minimally while hindering driver
safety is definitely the wrong approach.
So how do we protect the driver?
Well first we need to consider the basic
physiological weak points of the human body.
Active and passive safety
The terms "active" and "passive" are simple but

important terms in the world of automotive safety.
"Active safety" is used to refer to technology
assisting in the prevention of a crash and "passive
safety" to components of the vehicle (primarily
airbags, seatbelts and the physical structure of the
vehicle) that help to protect occupants during a crash.
Crash avoidance
Crash avoidance systems and devices help the
driver and, increasingly, help the vehicle itself
to avoid a collision. This category includes:
The vehicle's headlamps, reflectors, and other lights
and signals
The vehicle's mirrors
The vehicle's brakes, steering, and suspension
systems
Driver assistance
Infrared night vision
Adaptive highbeam assis
t
Adaptive headlamps
Automatic high beams
Reverse backup sensors
Backup camera
Adaptive cruise control
Lane departure warning
systems
Driver assistance
Tire pressure monitoring

Traction control systems
Electronic Stability Control
Anti-lock braking systems
Electronic brakeforce distribution
Emergency brake assist
Cornering Brake Control
Precrash system
Automated parking
Crashworthiness
Crashworthy systems and devices prevent

or reduce the severity of injuries when a
crash is imminent or actually happening.
Much research is carried out using
anthropomorphic crash test dummies.
POINTS TO MINIMISE
CRASHWORTHINESS
Seatbelts limit the forward motion of an
occupant, stretch to slow down the occupant's
deceleration in a crash, and prevent occupants
being ejected from the vehicle.
Airbags inflate to cushion the impact of a vehicle
occupant with various parts of the vehicle's
interior.
POINTS TO MINIMISE
CRASHWORTHINESS
Laminated windshields remain in one piece when
impacted, preventing penetration of unbelted
occupants' heads and maintaining a minimal but
adequate transparency for control of the car
immediately following a collision.
Tempered glass side and rear windows break into
granules with minimally sharp edges, rather than
splintering into jagged fragments as ordinary glass
does.
POINTS TO MINIMISE
CRASHWORTHINESS
Crumple zones absorb and dissipate the force of a collision,
displacing and diverting it away from the passenger
compartment and reducing the impact force on the vehicle
occupants. Vehicles will include a front, rear and maybe
side crumple zones (like Volvo SIPS) too.
Side impact protection beams.
Collapsible universally jointed steering columns, (with the
steering system mounted behind the front axle - not in the
front crumple zone), reduce the risk and severity of driver
impalement on the column in a frontal crash.
Checkout the Safety Measures

While Driving a Car
Arent you fooling yourself?

Such reckless speed and careless driving can, at
any moment, put out the light of your life. Why
does it matter? Simply put, your life is fragile.
The biggest distracting

factors
Talking on your cell phone while driving
There are two ways a cell phone causes
distraction. First, your attention is diverted on the
conversation and your attention is taken from the
road, to the conversation.
Sometimes you miss a light signal or you try to
overtake a heavy vehicle, but another vehicle is
coming from in front of you.
Safety always
Never violate the traffic rules and try to maintain the

average speed limit. Dont unnecessarily rush on the
road.
If you are pressed for time and traffic jams always
make you late, why dont you take a few minutes in
hand when you start?
Cars should be maintained properly and the engines
should be checked after regular intervals. Road
hazards will drastically reduce and you will also
enjoy the quality of driving.
Put off the cell phones when you are driving. Make
your driving experience safe and hazard-free.
If calls have to be made, then use speaker phones and
try to stop the car to complete the conversation. Limit
the conversation to important matters.
Playing music in the car is ok, but keep the volume at a
decent level. To make it easier, make you a CD with the
songs you want to listen in the car, but when heavy
traffic occurs, it is better to turn your CD player off.
45
The other distraction caused by the cell phone is when

your talking on the phone it takes one hand away from
the wheel. If you drive a standard this means that you
have to take your cell phone and tuck it into your
shoulder to switch gears. When you are reading this
article and visualizing the picture, you see all the things
wrong with this, but when you are in your vehicle and
doing this the thought never crosses your mind. So who is
to blame for an accident in this case?
Similarly anything that involves one of your hands to do
and your concentration, even in the smallest bit can affect
your driving.
Vehicle Safety Features
Seat belts
Airbags
Wind shields
Antilock braking system
Electronic Stability Program
Traction Control
Seat belts
2 point
Lap
Shoulder
3 point
4,5,6 point
7 point
Automatic point
Seatbelts How do they work?

A seat belt, also known as a safety belt, is a vehicle
safety device designed to secure the occupant of a
vehicle against harmful movement that may result
during a collision or a sudden stop. A seat belt
functions to reduce the likelihood of death or serious
injury in a traffic collision by reducing the force of
secondary impacts with interior strike hazards, by
keeping occupants positioned correctly for maximum
effectiveness of the airbag (if equipped) and by
preventing occupants being ejected from the vehicle
in a crash.
LAP BELT
Lap & Shoulder Belt
3-POINT SEAT BELT
5-POINT SEAT BELT
AUTOMATIC SEAT BELT
Airbags How do they work?

Airbags deploy when a sensor detects a collision of a
certain threshold, typically equivalent to a 14 mile
per hour barrier collision. When a collision exceeds
this threshold, a signal is sent to an inflator by the
sensor. The inflator contains an igniter that ignites
sodium azide , a solid propellant. This creates a large
volume of nitrogen gas and inflates the airbag in one
twenty-fifth of a second. The airbag is coated in
powder to reduce friction and immediately begins to
deflate to decrease the force at which the occupant
comes into contact with it.
Airbags
Airbags help cushion the

impact, reducing your
momentum more slowly
so that the force is less.
Airbags are intended to
be used as a
supplementary device to
the seatbelt.
Wind Shields
In the 1950s, cars came off

the line with side and rear
windows of tempered glass.
This treated glass can
withstand
forces
of
hundreds of pounds per
square inch.
When broken, it breaks into
smooth beads that do not cut
the skin
Unlike safety glass, rescuers
can cut into it to reach
victims trapped in a car
G
N
I
K
A
R
B
K
C
O
L
I
T
AN
M
E
T
SYS
Introduction
Wheel lockup during braking causes skidding
which in turn cause a loss of traction and vehicle
control
This reduces the steering ability to change
direction. So the car slides out of control
With ABS system, the driver can brake hard, take
the evasive action and still be in control of the
vehicle in any road condition at any speed and
under any load.
Concept of ABS
A skidding wheel (where the tire contact patch is
sliding relative to the road) has less traction than a
non-skidding wheel
By keeping the wheels from skidding while you
slow down, anti-lock brakes benefit you in two
ways:
You'll stop faster, and you'll be able to steer while
you stop
comparison
USE OF ABS
The controller monitors the speed sensors at all times. It is looking for
decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary. Right before a
wheel locks up, it will experience a rapid deceleration. If left unchecked,
the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could. It might
take a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph (96.6 km/h) under ideal
conditions, but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a
second.
The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration is impossible,
so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration, then
it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. It can do this
very quickly, before the tire can actually significantly change speed. The
result is that the tire slows down at the same rate as the car, with the
brakes keeping the tires very near the point at which they will start to
lock up. This gives the system maximum braking power.
When the ABS is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake
pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves. This
pulsing also tells the driver that the ABS has been triggered. Some ABS
systems can cycle up to 16 times per second.
TYPES OF ABS
Four-channel, four-sensor ABS

This is the best scheme. There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a
separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors each
wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force.
Three-channel, four-sensor ABS
Three-channel, three-sensor ABS
This scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a
speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one
sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in
the rear axle. This system provides individual control of the front wheels, so
they can both achieve maximum braking force. The rear wheels, however, are
monitored together; they both have to start to lock up before the ABS will
activate on the rear. With this system, it is possible that one of the rear wheels
will lock during a stop, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is easy to
identify, as there are no individual speed sensors for the rear wheels.
One-channel, one-sensor ABS

There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve
for each of the front wheels, but only one valve for both of the
rear wheels.
This system is commonly found on pickup trucks with rearwheel ABS. It has one valve, which controls both rear wheels,
and one speed sensor, located in the rear axle. This system
operates the same as the rear end of a three-channel system. The
rear wheels are monitored together and they both have to start to
lock up before the ABS kicks in. In this system it is also possible
that one of the rear wheels will lock, reducing brake
effectiveness. This system is also easy to identify, as there are no
individual speed sensors for any of the wheels.
ELECTRONIC STABILITY
CONTROL
HOW DOES ESC WORK
ESC sensors compare the direction of the steering

wheel to the direction the vehicle is going, more than
20 times per second.
When they are not the same , and the car begins to skid
out of control,
ESC applies the brakes to correct over steer (when the
back of the vehicle slides out) or under steer (when the
vehicle loses traction at the front).
ESC can also reduce engine power to prevent wheel spin
when the road is slippery.
ESC helps bring the vehicle back under control.
TRACTION CONTROL
When an automobile accelerates it may not grip

the road due to a quick acceleration, slick road
conditions, or both. Traction control functions to
correct the skidding and locking up of wheels that
can occur due to these factors.
HOW IT WORKS
The traction control functions using the ECU to process
information from sensors and route power to wheels
appropriately using values it calculates. It takes into account
the pressure placed on the accelerator and sensors on the
wheels that indicate whether they are slipping or not. If
slippage is detected, less power is routed to the wheel and
some braking pressure may be placed on it. By doing this, it
is essentially the opposite of the anti-lock braking system.
The only difference is that is deals with loss of traction
during acceleration rather than deceleration. The traction
control system runs continuously and typically goes
unnoticed due to its quick reaction speed.
Thanks

Safety Measures: Engr. Zaheer Ahmad

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Safety Measures: Engr. Zaheer Ahmad

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Safety Measures

Engr. Zaheer Ahmad

Safety is the state of being "safe the condition of

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Examination of activities by specialists

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Routine Hand Wash

Repeat procedures until hands are clean

Areas Most Frequently

Safety measures for PPE

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

4- Goggles protect eyes

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Purpose patient care, environmental

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Goggles protect eyes

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Face shields protect face, nose, mouth, and eyes

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Purpose protect from inhalation of

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

How to Don a Gown

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

How to Don a Mask

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

How to Don a Particulate Respirator

Select a fit tested respirator

Inhale respirator should collapse

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

How to Don Eye and Face Protection

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

How to Don Gloves

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Sequence for Removing PPE

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

How to Remove Gloves (1)

Grasp outside edge near

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

How to Remove Gloves (2)

Slide ungloved finger

Remove Goggles or Face Shield

Grasp ear or head

Removing Isolation Gown

Untie the bottom, then

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Removing a Particulate Respirator

Lift the bottom elastic

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Active and passive safety

The terms "active" and "passive" are simple but

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Tire pressure monitoring

Crashworthy systems and devices prevent

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Copyright 2010 www.18000store.com

Checkout the Safety Measures

Arent you fooling yourself?