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Chapter 2
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Centriole
Chloroplast
Cell membrane
• General term-membrane found inside the cell
• Plasma membrane-encloses the content of a cell
• Consist proteins and phospholipids
• Form a boundary
• Semi-permeable
• Act as selective barrier-regulate substance
movements
Cell wall
• Rigid outer layer-encloses whole plant cell
• Composed of cellulose
• Permeable-tiny pores
• Give shape, mechanical support & protect
plant cell from rupturing due to the
excessive intake of water
Cytoplasm
• Between nucleus and plasma membrane
• Consist of jelly-like matrix-organelles
suspended
• Contain organic & inorganic substances &
acts as medium for biochemical reaction
• Provide substances obtained from
external environment to the organelles.
Nucleus
• Largest, spherical or oval
• Contain chromosomes, nucleoplasm & nucleolus
• Double-layered membrane
• Control centre
• Chromosomes-genetic information-characteristic
& function
Vacuole
• A large sac containing cell sap &
surrounded by tonoplast
• Found in plants
• Contractile vacuole-regulate water content
in freshwater microorganism
• Storage place-sugars, amino acids,
pigment, waste product etc
• Support herbaceous plants-not wilt easily
Mitochondria
• Cellular respiration-energy in form ATP
(adenosine triphosphates)
Ribosome
• Attach to surface of rough ER
• Consist ribonucleic acid (RNA) & protein
• Synthesis protein occur here-information carried
by chromosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough ER-ribosome-transport protein
• Smooth ER-site metabolic reaction incl.
synthesis of lipid & detoxification of drugs &
poisons.
Golgi apparatus
(refer textbook)
Lysosomes
• Refer to textbook.
Chloroplast
Outer & inner membrane
Grana contain chlorophyll pigment-trap light
E-photosyntesis
Site of photosyntesis
Found in palisade cells, spongy mesophyll
cells and guard cells
Animal cells vs plant cells