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Level
Measurement
Alvaro Realpe, P.h.D
Process control
Universidad de Cartagena
Faculty of Engineering
Jorlan Ochoa
Gabriel Florez
Marlon Tuon
Jesser Pajaro
Jossue Laitano
Catherine Centanaro
MEASURING
LEVEL
The level is a very important process variable since it is
linked to the operation of equipment, inventory, etc.
Interface liquid gas or solid-gas (Also: liquid-liquid and
liquid solid).
The level affects the quantity delivered, pressure and
rate of flow in and out of the container.
Substances: water, solvents, chemicals, liquids, slurries,
granular materials, and powders.
Can be inside a container or can be in its natural form
(e.g. a river or a lake).
Technology
to measure
level
In Indirect methods
The level is converted in a measurable signal using a
suitable transducer.
A corrective factor must be used in recalibrating the
instrument.
Hydrostatic head methods
Load cell
Capacitance
Conductivity
Point-level sensors
This is essential to avoid overflow or emptying of tanks
and to protect pumps from dry run.
Capacitor principle
Electric
charge
can
be
accumulated and temporarily
stored in a capacitor.
The capacitors are not as useful
for storing long-term energy but
the energy stored unloaded much
faster.
The ability of a capacitor to
accumulate an electric charge is
called capacitance.
Parts
C1: Capacitance
C2: Capacitance steam
C3: Capacitance liquid
A: Effective resistance between the wall and
sensor
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Head
Sonda
External Plate
Inner plates
Covering
Dielectric constants
The sensors can be designed to
sense material with dielectric
constants as low as 1.1 (coke
and fly ash) and as high as 88
(water) or more.
Measurement
Measurement is made by applying an
RF signal between the conductive probe
and the vessel wall.
Level Measurement can be divided into
three categories:
Measurement
material
of
non-conductive
Non-conducting material:
For measuring level of non conducting liquids, bare probe arrangement
is used as liquid resistance is sufficiently high to make it dielectric.
Conducting Material:
In conducting liquids, the probe plates are insulated using thin coating
of glass or plastic to avoid short circuiting. The conductive material acts
as the ground plate of the capacitor.
Proximity measurements (Non-contact type measurements):
In Proximity level measurement is the area of the capacitance plates
is fixed, but distance between plates varies.
Permittivity
It is an electrical property the medium in which are located the two charges.
Capacitance
A simple capacitor consists of two electrode plate separated by a small thickness of an insulator
such as solid, liquid, gas, or vacuum. This insulator is also called as dielectric.
Value of C depends on dielectric used, area of the plate and also distance between the plates.
Where:
C = capacitance in picofarads (pF)
E = a constant known as the absolute permittivity of free space/ Dielectric Constant
ER= relative dielectric constant of the insulating material
A = Capacitor plaques area
d = distance between the conductors/plaques
Q= Stored Electric load
V= Potential Diference
The
inner cylindrical probe (R1) is formed by a series of rectilinear
charges, each of them, with a radial electric field at a distance r
from the rectilinear charge:
Wherein:
Ctotal: Total capacitance of the sensor.
Cvacio: Capacitance of the air-core sensor.
Clquido: Capacitance of the water-core
sensor.
L: Height sensor.
h: Height liquid in the sensor.
Accuracy
The accuracy of the transducers capacity is 1%.
Due to the influence of temperature, moisture content,
static charge, composition, and coating conductivity
electrodes level indication, the capacitance system is
not used in liquids in tanks inventoried. The capacitance
meter must be calibrated in the field to zero and 100%
of the signal.
Maximum pressure : (80-250)
kg/cm
Maximum fluid temperature: (200 400) C
Advantages
Disadvantages
Relatively inexpensive
Versatile
Equipment (laboratory)
THANK YOU!!