Dr.

Gaurav Kapoor

Slides compiled from my own knowledge, the text IT for Management

by Ramesh Behl, IT for Management by B. Muthukumaran and
material
created
by Dr. Press
Kane 2009.
and Prof.
Daulatkar
Oxford
University
All rights
reserved.

A collection of

Hardware (Computers, Routers, Peripherals)

Software and
People
To solve a business problem or provide a service

Hardware

Computers, Network Routers, Databases

Software

Apps and Tools

People

Analysts, Programmers, Testers, Users, Managers

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Webster's Dictionary defines Computer

A programmable electronic device that can store,
retrieve, and process data
Processed data generates information
Information may consist of numbers, words, or
both

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Computers are available in

different shapes,
sizes,
processing capacities and weights,

Due to these different shapes and sizes they

perform different types of jobs and have
different functionalities.

Supercomputer (IBM Deep Blue, CRAY XE 6)

Mainframe (IBM System Z)
Micro-computer / Desktop / Notebook
Smartphones / Tablets
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Computer Hardware consists of

printed circuits
CPU (Central Processing Unit) (Intel, AMD, Apple)
memory chips
storage devices
connection ports

Pieces of hardware connected to the main

unit, which houses the CPU, are called
peripherals
keyboards, printers, scanners, and monitors.

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Processor
processor acts as the controller of all actions or
services provided by the system.
Executes fetch-decode-execute cycle
Fetch an instruction from the memory;
Decode the instruction
Execute the instruction

basic types of processor design philosophies:

reduced instruction set computers (RISC) and
complex instruction set computers (CISC)

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Processors have registers to hold data,

instructions, and state information.
Divided into general-purpose, special-purpose
For example, Pentium has 10 32-bit and 6 16-bit
registers grouped into general, control, and
segment registers.
The general registers are further divided into
data, pointer, and index registers.

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Basic types of memory are the

read-only memory (ROM)
read/write memory (Random Access Memory)

ROM
allows only read operations
are nonvolatile and are generally factory-programmed.

Random access memory (RAM).

Allows read write operations

Divided into static and dynamic RAM.
SRAM retains the data, once written.
DRAM is a complex memory device that uses a tiny
capacitor to store each bit.
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Computer storage fundamentals

(continued)
Bit
The smallest element of data
May have a value of either one or zero

Byte
Basic grouping of bits
Typically, a byte consists of 8 bits and represents one
character of data

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Software is a collection of code i.e. a

specific way of giving instructions
sold in packages that are designed to perform
different tasks

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Computer
Computer
Software
Software

System
System
Software
Software

Application
Application
Software
Software

GeneralGeneralPurpose
Purpose
Programs
Programs

ApplicationApplicationSpecific
Specific
Programs
Programs

System
System
Management
Management
Programs
Programs

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System
System
Development
Development
Programs
Programs

SYSTEM SOFTWARE: Controls and

supports the operations of a computer
system (E.g. operating system)
Characteristics?

APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Consists of

programs that direct the processing
activities of a particular use of computers
by end users. (sales analysis programs,
payroll, word processing)
Characteristics?

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Windows, Unix, Linux, Oracle, SQL are

examples of System Management Software
C++, Assembly Language, Compilers are
examples of System Development Software
General Purpose programs are things like
MS-Office, and Web browsers
Application Specific programs are things
like banking software

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The first generation (1940s) of software was the machine language,

which used the 0s and 1s of binary language and was the only way in
which programmers could communicate with the computer.

The second generation (1950s) of software was the development of

assembly language - using mnemonic codes.

The third generation (1950-70s) of software was the development of

first high level languages - more sophisticated extensions of
assembly language and used more English like sentences.

Fourth generation (1970s) of software development was of packaged

software programs that perform limited functions. These programs
reduced the need of writing and compiling small routine applications.

Fifth generation (1990s) of software development was of integrated

software, animations software and multimedia technology. Natural
languages is also treated as part of fifth-generation languages

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A server is a machine with a specific

configuration and specific set of programs
that offer different types of service, which
accept request from clients to do certain
tasks.

Server programs generally receive requests

from client programs, execute database
retrieval and updates, manage data
integrity and dispatch responses to client
requests.
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Blade servers are stripped down computer

servers with a modular design optimized to
minimize the use of physical space.

Blades come with management software that

automates the initial setup, provisioning, and
re-provisioning of the multiple blades within a
blade system.

A blade enclosure, which can hold multiple

blade servers, provides services such as power,
cooling, networking, various interconnects and
management
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Virtualization is a concept that allows a

computers resources to be divided or
shared by multiple environments
simultaneously.
These environments can inter operate or be
totally unaware of each other.
A single environment may or may not be
aware that it is running in a virtual
environment.
Advantages of Virtualization?

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