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Background
The pelvis encloses organs that
primarily function in storage,
distension and evacuation. The pelvic
viscera must maintain their normal
anatomic relationships within this
cavity so that these physiological
functions can be sustained.
Background
The uterus is normally anteverted,
anteflexed
Version: is the angle between the
longitudinal axis of cervix, and that of the
vagina
Flexion: is the angle between the
longitudinal axis of the uterus, and that of
the cervix
Genital Prolapse
Genital prolapse is the descent of one
or more of the genital organ (urethra,
bladder, uterus, rectum or Pouch of
Douglas or rectouterine pouch) through
the fasciomuscular pelvic floor below
their normal level
Vaginal prolapse can occur without
uterine prolapse but the uterus cannot
descend without carrying the vagina with
it.
Middle compartment
defect
Enterocele and eversion of vagina
Enterocele (Herniation of POD)
Posterior compartment
defect
Rectocele
Perineal body descent
Uterine descent
Utero-vaginal (the uterus descends
first followed by the vagina): This
usually occurs in cases of virginal and
nulliparous prolapse due to congenital
weakness of the cervical ligaments.
Vagino-uterine (the vagina descends
first followed by the uterus):This
usually occurs in cases of prolapse
resulting from obstetric trauma.
Degree of uterine
descent
Vault prolapse
Descent of the vaginal vault, where
the top of the vagina descends )or
inversion of the vagina) after
hysterectomy
Aetiology
Erect posture causes increased stress on
muscles, nerves and connective tissue
Acute and chronic trauma of vaginal delivery
Aging
Estrogen deprivation
Intrinsic collagen abnormalities
Debilitation
Iatrogenic
Precipitating factors
intra abdominal pressure
weight of the uterus
Traction of the uterus by vaginal prolapse or by a
large cervical polyp
Obesity(40%--75%)
Smoking
Pulmonary disease (chronic coughing)
Constipation (chronic straining)
Recreational or occupational activities
(frequent or heavy lifting)
Symptoms of Prolapse
Pelvic floor disorders become
symptomatic through either of two
mechanisms:
1. Mechanical difficulties produced by
the actual prolapse,
2. Bladder or bowel dysfunction,
disrupting either storage or emptying.
Clinical presentation
Before actual prolapse. the patient feels
a sensation of weakness in the perineum.
particularly towards the end of the day
Later the patient notices a mass which
appears on straining. and disappears
when she lies down
Urinary symptoms are common and
trouble some even with slight prolapse:
a) Urgency and frequency by day
b) Stress incontinence
c) Inability to micturate unless the anterior
vaginal wall is pushed upwards by the
patient's fingers
d) Frequency when cystitis develops
Diagnostic approach
Beginning with a careful inspection of
the vulva and vagina to identify
erosions, ulcerations, or other lesions
The extent of prolapse should be
systematically assessed
Suspicious lesions should be biopsied
Examination
Local examination
Per speculum examination
Per vaginal/ Bimanual examination
Bonneys stress test
Evaluation of tone of pelvic muscles
Recto vaginal examination
Position of patient for examination
- standing & straining
- dorsal lithotomy
Diagnostic approach
The maximal extent of prolapse is
demonstrated with a standing straining
examination when the bladder is empty
Pelvic muscle function should be assessed
after the bimanual examination palpate
the pelvic muscles a few centimeters inside
the hymen, along pelvic sidewalls at the 4
& 8 oclock
Resting tone & voluntary contraction of the
anal sphincters should be assessed during
rectovaginal examination
Bladder evaluation
For all patients with prolapse following
information should be obtained
Screening for urinary tract infection
Postvoid residual urine volume
Presence or absence of bladder sensation
Bonneys stress test performed following
reduction of prolapse
If test positive incontinence surgery should
be performed at the time of prolapse surgery
Prevention
During labour &puerperium
Avoid premature bearing down
Avoid long second stage
Repairs all tears &incisions accurately in
layers
Use delayed absorbable suture
Do not express the uterus when attempting
to deliver placenta
Encourage pelvic floor exercise
Avoid puerperal constipation-decreases
bearing down
Prevention
At hysterectomy
Vault suspension with uterosacral and
cardinal ligaments
Obliteration of deep cul-de sac by
Moschowitz sutures
Sacropexy in high risk situations like
collagen disorders
Increase acceptability of estrogen
replacement therapy
Treatment
Physiotherapy
Kegels pelvic floor exercise
Kegels perineometer
Influence only the voluntary muscles
No action to the fascial supporting system
Associated decubitus
ulcer
To relieve congestion, the prolapse
can be reposited in the vagina with
the help of tompoons ar pessary and
this helps in healing of the ulcer
Hygroscopic agents like acriflavinglycerine can help reduce the
congestion further
Pessary
During pregnancy
Immediately after pregnancy, during
lactation
When future childbearing is intended
in near future
Refusal to operation by patient
As a therapeutic test
To promote healing in a decubital ulcer
Pessary in situ
Complications of pessary
Constipation
Urinary incontinance
B.vaginitis, ulceration of vaginal wall
Cervicitis
Carcinoma of vaginal wall
Impaction of pessary
Strangulation of prolapsed tissue
Principles of
Management
Physical examination must not be
used in isolation to develop
treatment strategy.
Any decision for surgical
intervention should take account of
how prolapse is affecting lifestyle.
Uterine descentsurgeries
Vaginal hysterectomy
Sling surgeries
Shirodkar
Khannas
Purandares
Fothergills surgery
Vault prolapse
Separation of the rectovaginal fascia
from pubocervical fascia.
In post hysterectomy patients it is
important to reattach the rectovaginal
fascia to the pubocervical fascia and
to provide good support to the vaginal
apex by reattaching the vaginal cuff
to the uterosacral cardinal ligament
complex.
Vaginal surgery
Mc Call culdoplasty
Internal
external
Abdominal repairs
Abdominal sacral colpopexy
High uterosacral ligament suspension
Laparoscopic approach
Obliterative procedures
Le forte partial colpocleisis
Colpectomy and colpocleisis
Diagnosis of Stress
Incontinence
with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Loss of urine during coughing, sneezing, laughing
or lifting something heavy
These activities cause an increase in "belly
pressure forces the urine out of the bladder
Stress incontinence occurs almost exclusively in
women & thought to be due to "pelvic (vaginal)
relaxation" from childbirth or aging
Thank you