Académique Documents
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Biologi
disiapkan oleh :
Dr. David Andrio, ST, M.Si
Satuan Process (Proses Biologi)
I. Mikro organisme
Berdasarkan susunan (arrangement) DNA dalam sel :
Eukaryota : several DNA molecules are contained in the
nucleus, which is enclosed by a nuclear membrane. Contoh :
bakteri dan archaea
Prokaryota : a single DNA molecule is found in the nuclear
region, called nucleoid, which is not
surrounded by a
membrane. Contoh : algae, fungi dan protozoa
In addition to the difference in the DNA arrangement,
prokaryotes and eukaryotes also distinctly differ in terms of
size and the presence of membrane enclosed internal
structures (called organelles) found only in eukaryotes.
Mikroorganisme dominan dalam pengolahan limbah adalah
prokaryota karena dapat berkembang biak pada berbagai
kondisi ekstrim
I. Mikro organisme
I. Mikro organisme
I. Mikro organisme
1. Bakteri
Pengelompokan berdasarkan morfologi :
1.spheroid (called cocci, 1 3 m in diameter),
2.rod-shaped (called bacilli, 0.3 -1.5 m in width and 1 10
m in length),
3.curved, rod-shaped (called vibrios, 0.6 1 m in width and
2 6 m in length),
4.spiral (called spirilla, up to 50 m in length) and
5.filamentous (100 m and longer).
Bacteria can use either light (phototrophic), organic
compounds (organotrophic), or inorganic chemicals
(lithotrophic) as energy source. A common molecular
formula used to represent bacteria is C5H7O2N.
I. Mikro organisme
2. Archaea
Most of are anaerobes and many live in
extreme environments such as hot springs (at
temperatures above the boiling point of
water), salty water bodies, highly acidic or
alkaline soils and water (Brock et al. 1994).
Distinctive differences exist in the chemical
composition of both cell wall and cell
membrane between bacteria and Archaea,
which explains the existence of Archaea in
such extreme environments.
I. Mikro organisme
3. Algae
From unicellular to large aggregates of filamentous cells.
Habitat : aquatic systems but because they are able to survive periods of
I. Mikro organisme
4. Fungi
I. Mikro organisme
5. Protozoa
I. Mikro organisme
6. Virus
These are obligate intracellular parasites that contain genetic material
DNA or RNA necessary for their replication. However, they are
unable to synthesize compounds, but instead they invade living cells
(hosts) where they take over and redirect the cell activities to produce
new viral particles at the expense of the host cell.
Viruses, which infect bacteria, fungi, protozoa, plants and animals,
have been found. Invasion of the host cell does not always lead to
viral replication and lysis of the host cell (virulent or lytic viruses), but
the viral genetic material can be incorporated into the host DNA and
replicated, a process called lysogeny (temperate or lysogenic viruses).
Therefore, viruses are considered as agents of either disease or
heredity. Viruses cause a number of water-borne diseases, therefore,
removal and control of viruses in public water supplies is a major
concern.
Laju
pert
umb
uhan
Temperatu
r optimum
temperat
ur
Bacterial Growth
Bacterial Reproduction : pembelahan sel, sel
awal terbelah menjadi 2 sel baru
Waktu yang dibutuhkan tiap pembelahan,
generation time, hari - < 20 menit. Misal.
generation time 20 menit, maka yield 1 bakteri
dalam 12 jam adalah 68,719,476,736 sel
bakteri.
Misal berat 1 bakteri 5.0 x 10 -15 g, maka akan
dihasilkan = 3.4 x 10 -04 g bakteri
12
3 (180)
8(32) 2(17) 2(113),
MAKA, biomassa yang dihasilkan dari penggunaan
glukosa :
Y = (2C5H7NO2)/ (C6H12O6) = 2 (113 g/mole) / 3
(180 g/mole)
= 0.42 g sel/g glukosa
Jika 1 gr glukosa =1,07 gr COD, maka Yield
biomassa :
Y = 2 (113 g/mol)/[2 (180 g/mol)(1.07 g COD/g
glukosa)]
= 0.39 g sel/g COD digunakan
CO2
..(3)
rg
Y
Kd
= - Yrsu kdX
(10)
= Y kXS
k dX
(11)
Ks + S
= laju produksi biomassa, g VSS/m3.d
= koefisien sintesis yield , g VSS/g COD s
= koefisien endogenus decay, g VSS/g VSS.d
- rsu 1,42rg
(13)
laju penggunaan oksigen, g O2/m3.d
laju penggunaan substrat, g CODs/m3.d
= COD jaringan sel, g CODs/kg VSS
laju pertumbuhan biomassa, g VSS/m3.d
Efek Temperatur
kT = k20 (T-20)
kT = koefisien laju reaksi pada temperatur T, oC
K20
= koefisien laju reaksi pada 20 OC
= koefisien kativitas-temperatur, 1,02-1,25
T = temperatur, OC