REPORT IN CEPROJECT

BASIC OF SURVEYING

JEFF D. PANIMDIM

SURVEYING
The art and science of making such
measurements as are necessary to
determine the relative position of
points above, on, or beneath the
surface of the earth, or to establish
such points in a specified position

SURVEYING
Definition : Operation
of making such
measurements that
the relative position of
various features,
natural or Artificial on
the surface of the
earth can be exhibited
in their correct
Horizontal and vertical
relationship.

Normally
determining
position in
Horizontal plane is
called surveying
Determining
relative heights or
depth is called
levelling.

Surveyor needs understanding of

rigorous
mathematical to
analyse and
adjust
scientific
principles
underlying and
affecting
measurements

Classification of Surveys : Surveying is

divided into two main categories Plane survey
Geodetic Survey

BRANCHES OF SURVEYING
Plane survey
The surveying in which curvature and
spheroidal shape of the earth is
neglected and the surface of the earth
is assumed to be flat is called plane
surveying. In this type of surveying all
triangles formed by joining survey
lines are considered as plane triangles.
It is generally employed for small
survey works.

BRANCHES OF SURVEYING
Geodetic Surveying
In this type of surveying curvature of the earth is
taken into account while calculating reduced
levels, angles, bearings and distances. This type
of surveying is only employed for large survey
works. Generally the survey works below 260
kilometers radius are treated as plane and
beyond that limit it is treated as geodetic. Thus
in this type of surveying necessary corrections
are applied to correct the reduced levels,
bearings and other observations.

Purpose : The main object of surveying is the

preparation of maps or plans which are the
basis in planning and design of engineering
project such as route location of railway line,
roads and water supply scheme.
Basic Principles in Surveying : Ruling
principle of survey is :
i) to work from whole to part. For
surveying Establish control points with high
precision by use of Triangulation and precise
levelling. Area is further divided into triangle,
which are surveyed with less accuracy.
ii) to fix the position of new stations by atleast
two independent processes By linear and

PHASES OF SURVEYING
Field Work
- Data procurement phase
Ofce Work data are analysed
-Reduced to useful form by
mathematical calculations
-Adjusted
- Frequently converted to graphical
mode of expression

KINDS OF SURVEYS
Property surveys
Determine boundary lines, location of property
corners, acquisition of data to prepare land
subdivisions
Route surveys
Designing and constructing engineering projects
associated with transportation and
communications
Industrial surveys
Surveys in aircraft and other industries where
accurate dimensional layouts necessary

KINDS OF SURVEYS
Topographic surveys
Collect field data to prepare topographic maps
Hydrographic surveys
Map shorelines of water bodies, chart bottom
areas of streams, lakes, harbors, etc., measure
flow of rivers, assess other issues related to
navigation and water resources
Aerial surveys (photogrammetry)
Use photographs mounted in specially
designed planes

KINDS OF SURVEYS
Mine surveys
Determine position of underground works and
surface mines, fix position and direction of tunnels
and shafts, define surface boundaries
Construction surveys
Performed during building of structure or project
to fix elevations, horizontal position, and
dimensions
Control surveys
Provide basic horizontal and vertical position data
for engineering mission

KINDS OF SURVEYS
Final (As Built) survey
Tie in features that have just been
constructed to provide final record of
construction and to check that
construction has proceeded according
to design plan

BASIC SURVEY
MEASUREMENTS: DEFINITIONS
Direction of gravity used as
reference direction
Vertical means direction of gravity
Horizontal means direction
perpendicular to gravity

SURVEY GEOGRAPHIC
REFERENCE
Latitude ()
Lines run east-west
parallel to equator
Max angle 90
South latitudes negative
Longitude ()
Lines run north south,
converge at poles
0 - Greenwich
Measured east and west 180 max angle
West longitude negative

 Level surface (geoid)

Continuous surface that is at all points
perpendicular to the direction of gravity
Can be thought of as the surface of
large body of water at complete rest
(unaffected by tides, etc.)
Elevation
Vertical distance above or below a
given reference level surface
Difference in elevation
Vertical distance between two level
surfaces containing the two points

DIRECTION
BEARINGS
Designate the direction of a
line by an angle and quadrant
letters. (e.g. N30 E)
Bearings are never greater
than 90
Bearings are referenced from
north or south and the angle
to the east or west from the
north-south meridian.
True bearings are based on
true north.
Magnetic bearings are based
on magnetic north

DIRECTION
AZIMUTHS
Angles measured
clockwise from any
reference meridian
Azimuths range from 0
to 360
Azimuths are referenced
from north
True azimuths are based
on true north
Magnetic azimuths are
based on magnetic north

ACCURACY & PRECISION

Accuracy
closeness between
measurement and
true value
Precision
closeness to one
another of a set of
repeated
observations

METRIC SYSTEM
- 1791 French Academy of Sciences
recommended metre to be
1/10,000,000th part of polar quadrant
passing through Paris
-1799 Academy of Sciences developed
new standard Metre of the Archives
made of platinum 1 meter in length
- 1999 General Conference of Weights and
Measures adopts International Prototype
Metre platinum & iridium bar

METRIC SYSTEM
-1960 National Prototype Meter
1,650,763.73 wavelengths of Krypton 86
atom in a vacuum
-1983 Conference Generale des Poids
et
Mesures redefined meter as length of
the path traveled by light in a vacuum
during a time interval of 1/299792458 of
a second

FEET-METER
CONVERSION
Ferdinand Hassler brought iron
meter bar to U.S. in 1805 for
work with Coast Survey
1866 Congress legalized use of
metric system
1893 Mendenhall Order
Superintendent of Weight &
Measures
1 meter = 39.37 inches (exact)
1 U.S. Yard = (3600/3927)
meter (exact)

FEET-METER CONVERSION
-1959 U.S. & U.K. agreed that
Imperial units used in both countries
should be the same
Defined 1 Yard = 0.9144 metre
(exact)
1 ft = 0.3048 m (exact)
1 inch = 25.4 mm (exact)
Did not change relationship
established by Congress kept for
surveying and called U.S. Survey foot

THANK YOU!!!
BY: JEFF D. PANIMDIM