Chapter 9 [Part One].

Cellular Respiration
Harvesting Chemical Energy

AP Biology 2005-2006
 What’s the point?

ATP

The Point is to Make ATP!

AP Biology 2005-2006
 Harvesting stored energy
 Energy is stored in organic molecules
 heterotrophs eat food (organic molecules)
 digest organic molecules
 serve as raw materials for building & fuels for energy
 controlled release of energy
 series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions
 “burning” fuels
 carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

AP Biology 2005-2006
 Harvesting energy stored in glucose
 Glucose is the model
 catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energy
respiration

dioxide

C6H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + heat

combustion = making heat energy respiration = making ATP (& less heat)
by burning fuels in one step by burning fuels in many small steps

ATP
fuel
AP Biology
(carbohydrates) CO2 + H2O + heat CO2 + H2O + 2005-2006
ATP (+ heat)
 How do we harvest energy from fuels?
 Digest large molecules into smaller ones
 break bonds & move electrons from one
molecule to another
 as electrons move they carry energy with them
 that energy is stored in another bond, released
as heat, or harvested to make ATP

loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced

+ –
+ +
e-
oxidation reduction
AP Biology
e- 2005-2006
 How do we move electrons in biology?
 Moving electrons
 in living systems, electrons do not
move alone
 electrons move as part of H atom
loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced
+ –
+ +
H
oxidation reduction
H
oxidation

C6H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

AP Biology
H reduction
2005-2006
 Coupling oxidation & reduction
 Redox reactions in respiration
 release energy as breakdown molecules
 break C-C bonds
 strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms
 C6H12O6 → CO2 = fuel has been oxidized
 electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms

 in biology, the most electronegative atom?

→ O2
 O2 → H2O = oxygen has been reduced
 release energy to synthesize ATP

oxidation

C6H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

AP Biology reduction 2005-2006
 Oxidation & reduction
 Oxidation  Reduction
 adding O  removing O
 removing H  adding H

 loss of electrons  gain of electrons

 releases energy  stores energy

 exergonic  endergonic

oxidation

C6H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

reduction
AP Biology 2005-2006
 Moving electrons in respiration
 Electron carriers move electrons by shuttling
H atoms around
 NAD+ → NADH (reduced)
reducing power!
 FAD+2 → FADH (reduced)
2

NAD O NADH
H H H O
nicotinamide
Vitamin B3 C NH2 C NH2
N+ reduction N+
O– + H O– How efficient!
Build once,
O– P – O oxidation O– P – O use many ways

phosphates
O O
O– adenine O–
O– P – O stores energy O –
P –
O
O as a reduced O
AP Biology ribose sugar 2005-2006
molecule
 Overview of cellular respiration
 4 metabolic stages
 Anaerobic respiration
 1. Glycolysis
 respiration without O2
 in cytosol
 Aerobic respiration
 respiration using O2
 in mitochondria
 2. Pyruvate oxidation
 3. Kreb’s cycle
 4. Electron transport chain
C H O6 +
AP Biology
6 12 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP 2005-2006
(+ heat)
 What’s the point?

ATP

The Point is to Make ATP!

AP Biology 2005-2006
 Any Questions??

AP Biology 2005-2006