Embryology

By: Bryan Mae Degorio

Objectives.. Contents..
A. Ovulation, fertilization
Discuss the process involve

in ovulation, fertilization
and implantation
Identify the different germ

layers and how it affects the

development of fetal
membranes

and implantation
B. Placenta and fetal
membranes
C. Fetal growth and
development

Discuss fetal development

and the corresponding

developmental milestone
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Germ layers
Physical and physiologic
changes
Factors influencing growth
Fetal circulation

D. Effects of Teratogens

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Review on

Menstruation?
Menstruation
Refers to the cyclic

changes in a sexually
mature, non-pregnant
female that culminate
in menses.
Facts:
a. Typically 28 days
b. Average blood loose
of 50-150 ml (1/4-1/2
cup)
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Conception, Cell Division and

Gametogenesis
Germatogenesis

Cell Division

The process by the which the

cell divides.

a. Mitosis- the body cells

The process by which

our body produces sex
cells

replicates to yield two cells of

a.
same genetic make-up

the

process of egg
formation

b. Meiosis- the germs cells

divide and decrease in
chromosomal number by half

Oogenesis-

b. Spermatogenesisthe process of sperm

production

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Cont.

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Germatogenesis

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Conception
- Refers to the union of single sperm and egg
- It marks the beginning of pregnancy
a. Ovum/Egg
is a mature oocyte
Surrounding structure:
- zona pellicuda
- corona radiata

b. Sperm/Spermatozoa

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200-500 million sperm

per ejaculation
Contains Flagellaresponsible in
propelling toward the
fallopian tube
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Fertilization..
Is the union of the sperm and the egg.
Zygote- fertilized ovum
Stages of fetal Development:
a.
b.
c.

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Pre-embryonic- 1st 14 days

Embryonic stage- 15-60 days
Fetal stage- 61 days until birth

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The

Blastocyst

Forms when uterine

fluid starts to sip inside

the morula and in
between the
blastomeres.
Parts:
a. Thropoblast- outer
layer
b. Embryoblast- inner
later
c. Blastocyst cavity
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Implantation
It happens when the

thropoblast displaces
endometrial tissue
that it to burrow
beneath the endometrial
lining.
Decidua- is the term
used to describe the
endometrium after
implantation
a. Decidua basale
b. Decidua capsularis
c. Decidua vera
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Pre-embryonic Stage
1st 14 days starting from fertilization
From zygote, morula, blastocyst, initial development of

fetal membranes and the development of 3 germ

layers.

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Embryonic
Stage
Starts from 15 days

unit 8 weeks or 60
days after fertilization.
The period of
The Fetal membranes
organogenesis.
and the Placenta
a.

b.

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Development of fetal
a.
membranes and the
b.
placenta
Development of the c.
fetal embryo

Chorionic villi
Placenta
Umbilical cord
d. Fetal membranesamniotic sac and
amniotic fluid

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Chorionic Villi
These are finger-like

projections that
reach out to the
uterine
endometrium.

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It differentiates in to

two layers:
a. Cytotrophoblast
b. Syncytiotrophobla
st

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Placenta
This is the mature and well

Functions:
developed villi.
It serves as the fetal lungs, a. Circulatory functions
kidney, GIT and a separate
b. Endocrine functions
endocrine system.
Human Chorionic
Facts:
Gonadotropin

a. It only allows diffusion of

selective substances
b. It is divided into segments
known as cotyledons
c. It weighs around 400-600
grams at term

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Estrogen
Progesterone
Human Placental
Lactogen

Umbilical Cord
Forms from the

chorion and amnion

and provided
circulatory pathways
for the fetus
Facts:
a. 2 veins and 1 artery
b. Blood flow of 350 ml/min

at term
c. It surround by gelatinous
substance called
Whartons jelly
d. Length 53 cm (21 inch)
at term
e. Can be used for
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Fetal Membranes
These are double layer

of membranes the
form the amniotic sac.
Chorion- the outermost
layer
b. Amnion- the inner layer
a.

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Amniotic Fluids
A clear to slight tinted fluids

the constantly formed and

absorbed by amnion.
Characteristics:

it contains albumin, urea,

uric acid, creatinine, lecithin
and sphingomyelin,
bilirubin, fructose and
leukocytes including lanugo.
800-1200 ml at term

Abnormalities:

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Change in color: green,

yellow, red
Oligohydramnios and
polyhydramnios
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The Fetal Circulation

Cardiovascular system is the first organ system.
Facts:
a.
b.
c.

Fetal hemoglobin is carries 20-30% more O2 than maternal

hemoglobin
The hemoglobin concentration is about 50% greater that that of
the mother
The FHT is around 110-160 bpm making the CO higher than per
unit body weight.

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Teratogens.
These are agents that can disturb the

embryonic of fetal development.

Classes:
Maternal infection (TORCH)
b. Radiation
c. Chemical
d. Drugs
a.

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Chemical
Alcohol
Is associated with the

development of fetal
alcohol syndrome
It characterized by
abnormalities of craniofacial
features.

Cigarette
This is associated IUGR,

LBW and SGA

It is a risk factor for
abruptio placenta
It also associated with SIDS
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Radiation

Rapidly growing cells are extremely

vulnerable to radiation.
CDC believes that the most vulnerable
period is between 0-18 weeks of
pregnancy
Is associated with:
Death of zygote
b. Mental retardation
c. Cancer development in later life.
a.

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Drugs
This includes drugs

that are prescribed,

OTC, herbal
supplements and even
recreation drugs
General rules:
No medications should be
taken during pregnancy
unless prescribed or
approved by a physician
b. Childbearing age should
take no drugs other than
prescribed to avoid
exposure should she
become pregnant
a.

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Maternal infections
TORCH infections

T- toxoplasmosis
O- others ( syphilis,
varicella zoster, parpovirus)

RCH-

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Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes infection

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