REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

•Chapter contents of :
•Introduction of reproductive system
•Puberty in female
•Structure and function of breast
•Structure and function of female
reproductive organs
•Physiology of menstrual cycle
•Menopause
•Puberty in male
•Structure and function of male
reproductive organs
 A.INTRODUCTION TO
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
A.INTRODUCTION TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Located in pelvic cavity
• Human being – sexual reproductive – ability to
reproduce
• Ability to reproduce – to continue generation
• Male and female – different sexual organs
• Male and female – produce specialized germ
cells – called gametes
• Gametes produced by
1. male – sperm cell
2. Female – ovum cell
• Gametes contain chromosomes
– generic material
- characteristic to next generation
B. PUBERTY IN FEMALE
• Puberty – age of internal reproductive
organs reach maturity
• Begins of teenage period 10-14 years
• Ovaries stimulated – by gonadotrophins hormones
- FSH and LH – from anterior
pituitary
• Physiological changes
1. Uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries reach to maturity
2. Menstrual cycle and ovulation begins
3. Breast develop and enlarge
4. Pubic and axillary hair begins to grow
5. Increase in height and widening of pelvis
6. Increase accumulation of fats at hip and breast
 C. STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF THE BREAST
• Also known – Mammary gland
• Accessory glands
• Before puberty – breast are small
- immature breast
• Ovarian hormone – Estrogen and Progesteron –
influence the growth and development of breast
• During pregnancy – stimulate further to growth
• After child birth – prolactine – stimulate the
colostrum production
 - Oxytocin – stimulate release of milk
• BLOOD SUPPLY
• Oxygenated blood – axillary artery and
mammary artery
• Deoxygenated blood – axillary vein and
mammary vein
• Breast consists of
1. Glandular tissue
2. Fibrous tissue
3. Fatty tissue
4. Nipple
1.GLANDULAR TISSUE
• Each breast - has 20 lobes of glandular tissue
• Each lobe - made up of number of lobules
• Each lobule – radiate around the nipple
- consists – cluster of alveoli
• Alveoli – opens in to small duct
• Small duct - unite to form large excretory ducts
• Large excretory ducts – called lactiferous duct
• Lactiferous duct – converge towards the unite of the
breast
- form dilatation and reservoir for
milk
• Each dilatation – called lactiferous sinus
• Lactiferous sinus – narrow duct opens on to the
surface at nipple
2. FIBROUS TISSUE
• Support glandular tissue and ducts
3.FATTY TISSUE
• Covers – surface of the gland
• Also found – between lobes
4.NIPPLE
• Small conical – located at centre of the breast
• Surrounded by – pigmented area – called areola
• Pigmented area – observed in pinkish /dark
brown /dark pink
STRUCTURE OF THE BREAST
• Function
1. Lactation – Produce colostrum/ milk
- stimulated by Prolactine
- only active – during late
pregnancy
- after child birth
2. Breast feeding – nutrition for new born
D. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• Functions of female reproductive
system
1. Formation of ovum
2. Reception of sperm
3. Provision of suitable environment
for fertilization
4. Parturition
5. Lactation
 THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
• Oxygenated blood supplied by
1. Internal pudendal artery – branch of internal
iliac
artery
2. External pudendal artery – branch of femoral
artery
• Deoxygenated blood carried out by – internal
pudendal iliac vein
• Nerve supplied – pudendal nerve
• Female reproductive organs - divided in to 2 parts
1. External genitalia
2. Internal genitalia
1. EXTERNAL GENITALIA
• Also known as – vulva
• Consists of
a. Labia majora
b. Labia minora
c. Clitoris
d.Hymen
e. Vestibular glands
f. Perineum
a.LABIA MAJORA
• Two large fold – forming the boundary of vulva
• Composed of
i. Skin
ii. Fibrous tissue
iii. Fats
iv. Sebaceous glands
• Anteriorly – folds join the symphysis pubic
• Posteriorly – fold merge with perineum skin
• Puberty – hair grows – on mons pubis
- on the lateral surface
b. LABIA MINORA
• Two smaller folds – in between labia majora
• Contain – sebum gland
• Cleft between labia minora – vestibule
• Vestibule – opens of vagina , urethra and
vestibular gland duct
c. CLITORIS
• Similar structure to penis in male
• Has erectile tissue
• Contain – sensory nerve endings
d. HYMEN
• Also known as - virgin layer
• Thin layer of mucous membrane
• Very delicate
• Highly vascular
• Occludes the opening of vagina
• Incomplete structure – allow for menstrual
flow
e. VESTIBULAR GLANDS
• Situated one on each side nearer – vaginal
opening
• Secrete mucus – keep vulva moisture
f. PERINEUM
• Area xetending – from – base of labia
minora to anal
canal
• Consists of
i. connective tissue
ii. Muscle
iii. Fats
• Roughly – triangular shape
• Gives attachment to muscle of pelvic
floor
 2.INTERNAL GENITALIA

• Consists of
a. Vagina
b. Uterus
c. Uterine tubes – 1 pair
d. Ovaries – 1 pair
a. VAGINA
• Fibro muscular tube
• Lined – stratified epithelium
• Connects – external and internal organs
• Has 3 layers
i. Outer layer – consist of areolar tissue
ii. Middle layer – consists of smooth muscle
iii. Inner layer – consists of stratified
epithelium
• Cervical secretion – contain acid
- keeps moist
• In between puberty and menopause –
normal flora present
• PUBERTY IN MALE
• Puberty – age of internal reproductive organs
reach maturity
• Begins of teenage period – 10 to14 years
• LH- stimulates interstitial cell of testes
- increase the production of testosterone
• Physiological changes
1. Growth of muscle and bone
2. Enlargement of larynx and deepening of
the voice
3. Growth of hair on face
4. Maturation of somniferous tubules
5. Production of sperm
6. Skin thicken and become oilier
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MALE
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
• Functions of male reproductive system
1. Production of sperm
2. Transmission of sperm to female
• Male reproductive organs consists of
1. Scrotum
2. Testes
3. Spermatic cord
4. Deferent duct
5. Seminal vesicle
6. Ejaculatory duct
7. Prostate
 8. Urethra
9. Penis
10. Glans penis
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
 1.SCROTUM
• External genitalia
• Pouch – deeply pigmented skin
• Located – below symphysis pubis
- in front of upper part of thigh
- behind penis
• Composed – fibrous tissue
- connective tissue – adipose tissue
• Divided in to 2 compartments – left and right
• Each compartment contains – one testes
- one epididymis
 2. TESTES
• Reproductive glands of male
• Thick and suspended in scrotum by
spermatic cord
• Surrounded by 3 layers
i. Tunica vaginalis
ii. Tunica albuginea
iii. Tunica vasculosa
i. TUNICA VAGINALIS
• The most outer layer
• Has double membrane – outer covering
of testes
ii. TUNICA ALBUGINEA
• Middle layer
• Fibrous – covering tunica vaginalis
• Form septa – divided glandular structure
of testes into lobules
iii. TUNICA VASCULOSA
• The most inner layer
• Consists – network of capillaries
• Supported by delicate connective tissue
THE SECTION OF TESTES
STRUCTURE OF TESTES
• Each testes has 200 – 300 lobules
• Lobules contain – germinal epithelial cells
• Germinal epithelial cells – called seminiferous
tubules
• In between seminiferous tubules – groups of
interstetial cells
• Interstetial cells – also known – Leyding cells
• Layding cells – secrete testosteron after
puberty – male sex hormone
• Upper pole of testes – combine to form single
tubule
• Single tubule – repeatedly folded and tightly
packed – called epididymis
• Epididymis – leaves scrotum – as deferent duct
• Deferent duct – located in spermatic cord
• Spermatic cord contain – blood and lymph vessel pass to
testes
• FUNCTION OF TESTES
• Produce sperm cell – called spermatogenesis
• FSH – stimulate maturation of seminiferous tubules
• Sperm cell – produced in seminiferous tubule in testes
• Mature sperm cell has 3 parts
i. Head – filled with nucleus – contain DNA
ii. Body – packed with mitochondria – provide energy
iii. Tail – provide movement along – uterus and uterine tube
SPERM CELL
• Spermatogenesis – very effective at
temperature about 3 degree C – lower than
body temperature
• Testes – cooled by their position
- located – out side the pelvic cavity
- little illustrating fat
3. SPERMATIC CORD
• Suspended the testes in the scrotum
• Consists of
i. Testicular artery
ii. Testicular vein
iii. Lymphatic vessel
iv. Deferent duct
v. Testicular nerve
• Covered in sheath of amooth muscle
4. DEFERENT DUCT
• Passes upwards from the testes
• Joined by duct from seminal vesicle – form
ejaculatory duct
• Ascends medially towards bladder posterior wall
5. SEMINAL VESICLE
• Has two small fibro muscular pouches
• Pouches – lined with columnar epithelium
• Located – on posterior aspect of the bladder
• At lower end – opens in to deferent duct to form
ejaculatory duct
• FUNCTIONS
• Store seminal fluid
• Contract and expel seminal fluid – during
ejaculation
• Seminal fluid – contain nutrients
- Produce alkaline fluid –
neutralize
cervical mucus
- carries sperm cell
6. EJACULATORY DUCT
• Has 2 tubes
• Formed by union from – seminal vesicles and
deferent duct
• Pass through – prostate gland and join prostate
urethra
• During ejaculation – carries seminal fluid
and sperm to urethra
7. PROSTATE GLAND
• Surround by urethra
• Consists of
i. Smooth muscle
ii. Glandular – composed of columnar
epithelial cells
• FUNCTION
• Secretes semen
• Semen – alkaline fluid
• Milky fluid
• Contain clotting enzyme – thicken semen in
vagina
8. URETHRA
• Provide common pathway
• Flows out urine and semen – combine
secretion
• Has 3 parts
i. Prostate urethra
- originate at urethral orifice of the
bladder
- pass through prostate gland
ii. Membraneous urethra
- shortest and narrowest part
- extend from prostate
iii. Spongeous
- also known – penile urethra
- located within – corpus spongeosm of penis
- terminated at external urethral orifies – glans penis
• Has 2 urethral sphincter
i. Internal sphincter – consists of smooth muscle
ii. External sphincter – consists of skeletal muscle
9. PENIS
• External structure
• Has 2 parts
i. Root – lies in perineum
ii. Body – surrounded by urethra
• Formed - by 3 cylindrical masses
• Cylindrical masses consists of
i. erectile tissue
ii. Smooth tissue
• Erectile tissue – supported by fibrous tissue
- covered with skin
- has rich blood supply
• Has 2 lateral columns – called Corpora
cavernosa
• In between Corpora cavernosa – has corpus
spongeosm
• Corpus spongeosm – has urethra
• At tip – expand into triangular structure – glans
penis
• Above glans penis – the skin forms movable double
layer
• Movable double layer skin – called fore skin/
prepuce
BLOOD SUPPLY
• Oxygenated blood – supplied by internal pudendal
artery
• Deoxygenated blood – carried out by internal
pudendal artery
• Penis supplied – autonomic nerve
- somatic nerve
- sympathetic nerve
• Sympathetic nerve stimulation – prepared
for vaginal penetration
i. Leads to filling of spongy erectile tissue
with blood
ii. Cause vaso dilatation – increase blood
flow into penis
iii. Penis become – enlarged and erect
• THE ANATOMY OF PENIS
 defe
PHYSIOLOGY OF EJACULATION
• Occurs at male orgasm
• Sperm – expelled from epididymis
• The passage way of sperm during ejaculation
Epididymis

Deferent duct

Seminal vesicle

Ejaculatory duct
 
Prostate gland

Urethra

Glans penis

External urethral sphinctere
Route taken by sperm during ejaculation
• Smooth muscle wall at seminal vesicle and prostate
gland – contract
• Smooth muscle contracts – sympathetic mediated
• Semen propelled – by contraction – smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle found in
i. deferent duct wall
ii. Seminal vesicle wall
iii. Prostate wall
• Characteristics of semen
1. Slightely alkaline – to neutralize the vaginal acidity
2. Volume – between 3-5 ml – normal ejaculation
3. Quantity – between 500,000 to1,000,000 ml.