Carbon Potential of Forests of MP

and CDM Opportunities through

- Afforestation and Reforestation
Projects

Dr. Rajiv Pandey

Scientist – Statistics
ICFRE

Workshop on Carbon Trading and CDM Opportunities in MP

Bhopal, 29-1-2010
 OUTLINE

• Forests and Ecosystem Services - Introduction

• Forests and Carbon – Some Pertinent Issues
• Carbon Estimation Procedures
• Carbon in India’s Forests
• Carbon in MP’s Forests – Preliminary Estimates
• CDM and Afforestation and Reforrestation – Some
Facts
 Forest, Ecosystem Services
With Special Reference to Carbon
(A issue with future concerned)
 Forests: Global Scenario

• Global forests cover around 30% of earth’s surface, spread

over about 4 billion hectares of land mass.
• Latest deforestation rates are estimated around 13 million
hectares per year.
• Global forest vegetation stores 283 billion tonnes of carbon,
• 38 billion tonnes in dead wood and 317 billion tonnes in soil.
• Total carbon in Forest ecosystems is 638 billion tonnes.

FAO, 2006
Countries with Largest Forest Cover
(Million ha)

Russian Fedeartion
68
88 69 Brazil
134 Canada
164 US
808
China
197
Australia
303 DR Congo
478
310 Indonesia
Peru
India
 Opportunities: Forestry Sector

• Ecosystem goods and services utilized locally,

regionally and globally
• Encashment
– goods……….yes
– services……..possible (who pays?????)
• Crucial element: balance between goods and
services
 Co-benefits of Forests

• Ecosystem services:

– Benefits people obtain from ecosystems or

The “services of nature”
• Cultural (e.g. traditional values): Local
• Provisioning (e.g. food, freshwater):
Regional
• Supporting (e.g. nutrient cycling):
Regional
• Regulating (e.g. climate, disease): Global
Ecosystem Services (Anthropogenic Perspective)
Provisioning Regulating Cultural
Goods produced or Benefits obtained from Non-material benefits
provided by regulation of obtained from
ecosystems ecosystem processes ecosystems

•Food •Climate regulation •Spiritual

•Fresh water •Disease regulation •Recreational
•Fuel wood •Flood regulation •Aesthetic
•Inspirational
•Fiber
•Educational
•Biochemicals •Communal
•Genetic resources •Symbolic

Supporting
Carbon
Services necessary for production of other
ecosystem services

•Soil formation
•Nutrient cycling
•Primary production
Ecological Services
 Ecosystem Services: Local

• People rely on cultural/provisioning ES:

• 60 million indigenous people almost wholly dependent

on forests
• >1.4 bn of the world’s poorest people rely on forests
for some part of their livelihoods/food security out of
6.8 bn people
• Often rely on biodiversity during climatic shocks
• Forests help to provide clean water
 Value of Forests –
Fodder Value in Uttarakhand
Livestock feed proportion (Quantity) in hills

• 58% from forests,

• 39% from other than forests land, and
• 3% from markets

Vlaue proportion
• 40-41% for forest;
• 40-41% for other than forest land and
• 18% from market

The annual livestock fodder value from forest is Rs

4810 crore and Rs 5210 crore in different scenarios.

Pandey, 2009
 Ecosystem services: Local - Regional

• Supporting/regulating ES

• Canopy: local cooling effect through

evaporation
• Roots: prevention of
erosion/mudslides/flooding
• Flooding costs about $100bn/year
• Flood frequency linked to deforestation
 Ecosystem Services: Regional- Global

• Hydrology

Water vapour from oceans

Rain Some rain water Evaporation

recycled and cooling
effect

Extraction
of soil water
Drainage to by roots
rivers
 Ecosystem Services: Global

• Carbon sequestration
– Forests absorbing and storing Carbon
– Vegetation and soils containing microbial and invertebrate
communities, sequester CO2 directly from the atmosphere.

– Approximate MITIGATION value of $43 billion/year

– Causes?
• Forest responses to changing atmosphere
 Sinks of Carbon in Uttarakhand
- Forests

Uttarakhand total Forest cover: 2.44

m ha

Uttarakhand forests are rich in Soil Organic carbon.

Carbon density > 120 t/ha in Deodar, fir and spruce

>60 t/ha in sal, pine and

miscellaneous forest

Assuming on an average 100t/ha of SOC and 80 t/ha of

biomass carbon in Uttarakhand Forests, Uttarakhand
forest stores about 450 million tonnes of carbon (A
conservative estimate)
 Per Unit Carbon (in million tonnes) Change in Various
Major Forest Types of Uttarakhand from 1995 - 2005

S. N. Forest Types (Symbol) Carbon Carbon Decadal Carbon/ Carbon/ Per 000,
1995 2005 Increment 000, ha 000, ha Unit
1995 2005 Increment

1 Himalayan Dry Temperate 1.8851 1.9703 0.0853 0.0608 0.0616 0.0008

Forests
2 Himalayan Moist Temperate 306.5313 331.5177 24.9864 0.1375 0.1355 -0.0020
Forest
3 Sub Alpine and Alpine Forest 226.4590 234.8060 8.3470 0.1121 0.1136 0.0015

4 Sub-Tropical Dry Evergreen 119.0389 123.1936 4.1547 0.0973 0.0987 0.0014

Forests
5 Sub-Tropical Pine Forests 386.7450 406.2947 19.5497 0.0849 0.0857 0.0008

Sub- Alpine, Moist Alpine Scrub and Dry Alpine Scrub is merged due to less area and named as Sub Alpine and Alpine
Forest (SAAF)
The total carbon is derived from the technical paper of Kishwan et. al., 2009.

Pandey, 2009
 Valuation of Ecosystem Services
Case Study - Himalayan States….

• Value of C-sequestration annually by

Uttarakhand forests: Rs 3.28 billion
(37.5 billion/year for Himalayan
states) (@ US$ 13/ t C).

• Himalayan forests worth Rs. 1,000.00

billion annually.
Source: Singh, S.P. 2008
 Sources of Carbon from Forests–
Domestic Energy in Uttarakhand

• 2.7 mt forest biomass extracted for domestic energy

• Leads to 3.87 mt of CO2 emissions annually
• Cost wise - Rs 534 million to Rs 890 million @ $ 3 – 5 per tonne CO2

• Shifting requires 0.295 mt of LPG

• Leads to release of 0.885 mt CO2 e worth Rs 120 million to Rs 210
million.
• Economics of shift to LPG (@ Rs. 400 with transportation to hills)
requires the total expenditure of Rs 4153 million with one cylinder
for rural population of state (Conservative estimate)

• Additionally – Better quality of life

Pandey, 2009
Carbon Potential of Forests
CDM Projects
Carbon Trading

Conflict Avoidance
 Impact of Climate Change -
Emissions Removal Capability
Comparative Analysis
 Incorporation in National
Accounts

Under Forestry & Logging sector

•Forestry – planting & conservation of forests, gathering

of forest products, charcoal burning carried out in forests

•Logging – felling & rough cutting of trees,

•Farmyard wood

Green Accounting
Role in Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs)
MDGs are the world's time-bound and eight quantified
targets for addressing basic human rights

3.Promote gender
equality and MDG7 Indicators
empower women
25. Proportion of land area covered by forest

26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological

diversity to surface area

27. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and

consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs

Global requirements
 Ecosystem Services and its
Linkages

• Provide array of goods and services.

• Debate on ecosystem stresses and shocks with reduction in

the diversity
• Imbalancing the system
• No effect on system
Strategy
 Forests & Climate Change Mitigation

COP7,
2001:
Bonn
Marrakesh
Accord

COP13,
2007: Bali
Road Map
Carbon Forestry

Brown, et.al., 1996

 Carbon Potential
In
India’s Forests
and
Madhya Pradesh’s Forests
 Carbon Pool in Forest Ecosystem

• Five pools of carbon

–Above-ground biomass,
–Below-ground biomass,
–Litter,
–Dead wood, and
–Organic carbon in soil.
 Carbon Estimation - Procedure

Mathematically,

CCarbon = C Biomass + C Soil

= Total available carbon in the
CCarbon
forest, i.e., in the vegetation and in soil
= Total available carbon in the
above and below ground biomass of all
forest vegetation
C Biomass
= Total available soil organic
carbon (SOC) up to 30cm depth in forest

C Soil
 Soil Organic Carbon Stock

Soil organic carbon stock Qi (Mg m-2) in a

soil layer or sampling level i with a depth
of Ei (m) depends on the carbon content Ci
(g C g-1), bulk density Di (Mg m-3) and on
the volume fraction of coarse elements Gi,
given by the formula (Batjes 1996)
k k
C soil = Qt = ∑ Qi = ∑ Ci Di Ei (1 − Gi )
i =1 i =1
 Biomass Carbon

C B iom ass=

G STotal
G STotal

B io
 Growing Stock of Forest

GS Total = GS Tree + GS Other .Vegetaion

GSTotal =

GSTree =

GS Other.Vegetaion =
 Growing Stock Tree
GSTree = V Above.Ground + VBelow.Ground

V Above.Ground

V Below.Ground

V Above.Ground GS Commercial

GS Commercial

VBelow.Ground V Above.Ground
Growing Stock Other Vegetation

GS Other .Vegetaion = GSTree

GSTotal = GSTree + GSOther .Vegetaion

Assessment of Carbon
in India’s Forests

Forest Cover Map of

India 2007
(FSI, 2009)
Trends in Land Use in India
(Million Ha)

150
Agriculture
125
Area (Mill ha)

Forest
100
75
50
25
0
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
 Forest Biomass Carbon in India
(million tonnes)
Item with symbolic description Factor 1995 2005
Growing Stock of Country in Mm3 - GS 5842.3206218.282

Mean Biomass Expansion Factor - EF 1.575    

Ratio (Below to Above Ground Biomass) - 0.266    
RBA
Above Ground Biomass (Volume) - AGB = GS X EF 9201.6549793.794

Below Ground Biomass (Volume) - BGB = AGB X RBA 2447.6402605.149

Total Biomass (Volume) – TB = AGB + BGB 11649.29 12398.94

4 3
Mean Density - MD 0.7116    

Factors for various items were derived from mainly Kaul, et.al., 2009; Ray and Ravan, 1996 and Singh and Singh, 1985.
Biomass in Mt = Growing Stock (Mm3) x Mean Density 8289.6388823.088
 Soil Organic Carbon Pool Estimates (0 - 30 cm) in India’s
Forests

Forest Type (Group) Area, 000 Area, Soil Carbon Total SOC Total SOC
ha 1995 000, ha (t)/ha (000, t) (000,t) 2005
2005 1995
Himalayan dry temperate 31 32 36.198 1122.144 1158.343
forest
Himalayan moist temperate 2230 2447 71.577 159616.937 175149.168
forest
Littoral and swamp forest 383 481 71.062 27216.904 34181.021
Montane wet temperate 2583 2593 115.460 298233.293 299387.893
forest
Sub alpine and alpine forest 2021 2067 74.071 149698.375 153105.661

Sub tropical broad leaved hill 260 303 86.611 22518.833 26243.102
forest
Sub tropical dry evergreen 1223 1248 65.279 79836.780 81468.766
forest
Sub tropical pine forest 4556 4743 50.270 229031.601 238432.151
Component-wise Carbon in India’s Forests in
1995 and 2005 (million tonnes)

Carbon 1995 2005 Incremental

Change

In Biomass 2692.474 2865.739 173.265

In Soil 3552.304 3755.811 203.507

Total 6244.778 6621.55 376.772

Source: Kishwan, et
al., 2009
Trends in Carbon stock estimates:
Indian Forests (million tonnes)

Source: 1880 and 1980 Richards and Flint (1994); 1986 Ravindranath et al (1997);1986 Chabra and Dadwal
(2004);1994 Haripriya 2003,;2005 FAO (2005)
Forest Cover Map of Madhya Pradesh (FSI, 2009)
 Carbon in Madhya Pradesh Forests
(million tonnes)
State/UT Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh
2005 1995
Total Growing Stock 298.780255 280.9148
Mean Biomass Exp. Factor 1.59 1.59
Mean wood Density 0.75 0.75
Ratio Below to Above Biomass 0.26 0.26
Above Ground Biomass 475.0606055 446.654587
Below Ground Biomass 123.5157574 116.1301926
Total (Above + Below) 598.576363 562.7847796
Weight (Volume * W density) 448.9322722 422.0885847
All Biomass on forest 455.6662563 428.4199135
Dry weight (80%) 364.533005 342.7359308
Biomass Carbon 145.813202 137.0943723
Soil Carbon 2005 180.7186478 170.9264857
Total Carbon 2005 326.5318498 308.0208581
Component-wise Carbon in MP’s Forests in
1995 and 2005 (million tonnes)

Carbon 1995 2005 Incremental

Change
In Biomass 137.0943723 145.813202 8.7188297

In Soil 170.9264857 180.7186478 9.7921621

Total 308.0208581 326.5318498 18.5109918

5 % for India’s Carbon Increment

Source: Own estimate
 Per Unit Carbon (in million tonnes) in Various Forest Types of
MP and Adjoining Regions from 1995 - 2005

Forest Types Carbon Carbon 2005Decadal Carbon/ Carbon/ Increment

1995 Increment 000, ha 000, ha
1995 2005

Tropical Dry Deciduous 977.3823 1031.7186 54.3364 0.0536 0.0539 + ve

Forests (TDDF)
Tropical Dry Evergreen 10.0408 11.8595 1.8187 0.0749 0.0719 - Ve
Forests (TDEF)
Tropical Moist Deciduous 2397.7747 2535.9607 138.1860 0.1038 0.1044 + Ve
Forests (TMDF)
Tropical Semi-Evergreen 286.4960 316.2629 29.7670 0.1113 0.1074 -Ve
Forests (TSEF)
Tropical Thorn Forests (TTF)49.1030 54.7033 5.6004 0.0306 0.0299 - Ve

Source: Own estimate

 Assumptions

• Soil Carbon of respective year is based on the product of

total soil carbon in India’s forest with the proportion of
growing stock (Total State GS/Total Country GS).
• Biomass expansion factor is based on Kaul, et al., 2009; and
Kishwan et al., 2009.
• Ratio Below to Above Biomass was based on secondary
literature Ray and Ravan, 1996 and Kishwan et al., 2009.
• Mean wood density is based on the Rajput et al., 1996 study
for major tree species in MP forests.
• In general, other forest floor biomass accounts for less than
2 percent of total biomass of closed forest formations
(Ogawa, et al., 1965; Rai, 1981; Brown and Lugo, 1984).
• This study uses the conservative value of 40% carbon content
keeping in view the fact that it deals with mixed biomass
comprising timber, fuelwood, leaves, twigs, roots, etc.

• The study also assumes the presence of an average moisture

content of 20% mcdb (moisture content on dry basis) in dry
wood and other biomass (Hall et al., 1994) with consideration
that good amount of water still remains in wood even after
proper drying (Ludwig et al., 2003).

• Conservative values of carbon content and mcdb have been

adopted to have realistic estimates in view of the errors that
are generally associated with use of such values and factors
in computation of total growing stock, wood densities,
expansion and conversion factor, etc.
Afforestation &
Reforestation
in
CDM
 Legal background: A/R CDM
UNFCCC

The Kyoto Protocol

Article 12: The clean development Mechanism

Decision 16/CMP.1
Land Use, Land use Change and Forestry

Decision 5/CMP.1
Modalities and Procedures for afforestation and reforestation project activities
under
the CDM in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol

Decision 6/CMP.1
Simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale afforestation and
reforestation Project activities under the CDM in the first commitment period of
the Kyoto Protocol
 The Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM)

• The mechanism aims at reducing GHG emissions or

enhancing carbon sinks in developing countries and in
turn assists Annex I Parties or Industrial countries in
meeting their GHG emission reduction commitments,
promoting sustainable development in developing
countries by encouraging investments.

• Developed countries will receive credit against their

targets for emissions avoided by these Projects
 What is the CDM
Industrialized countries (Annex I)
→To assist in meeting their emission
limitation commitments

Investors Project participants

CDM project
(private business, (private business,
governments, NGOs) activity governments, NGOs)

Developing countries (Non-Annex I)

→To assist in achieving
sustainable development
Demonstration of CDM ability
Land Use land use Change and
Forestry (LULUC F) under Kyoto
Protocol
• LULUCF activities
included in the
seventh COP for the
first Commitment
period 2008 – 2012

• These are limited to

Afforestation and
Reforestation
Projects for CDM
Definition of Forests for the purpose
of CDM and LULUCF A/R Projects
• Non Annex 1 host country shall select
a value for forest for purpose of CDM

(a) “Forest” is a minimum area of land of 0.05 –

1.0 hectares with tree crown cover of more
than 10 – 30 per cent with trees with the
potential to reach a minimum height of 2 – 5
meters at maturity in situ
Forest Threshold to be set by Designated National
Authority (DNA) that also grants Host Country
Approval
‘Forest’ as defined by Indian DNA
(b) “Afforestation” is the direct human-
induced conversion of land that has
not been forested for a period of at
least 50 years to forested land
through planting, seeding and / or
the human-induced promotion of
natural seed sources
 Procedures to demonstrate eligibility of land
(EB35, Annex 18)

Afforestation

Land use change from

non forest to forest
(defined through tree
Non forest crown cover, tree
height and land area)

Non forest for 50 Non forest at

years before project start
project start
(c) “Reforestation” is the direct human-induced
conversion of non-forested land to forested
land through planting, seeding and / or the
human-induced promotion of natural seed
sources, on land that was forested but that has
been converted to non-forested land. For the
first commitment period, reforestation
activities will be limited to reforestation
occurring on those lands that did not contain
forest on 31 December 1989
Reforestation: CDM eligible lands

Time
31/12/1989
Reforestation: not CDM eligible lands

31/12/1989
 EB-35 Annex 18
Project participants shall provide information
that reliably discriminates between forest and
non-forest land according to the particular
thresholds adopted by the host country, inter
alia:or satellite imagery
(a)Aerial photographs
complemented by ground reference data; or
(b)Land use or land cover information from maps
or digital spatial datasets; or
(c)Ground based surveys (land use or land cover
information from permits, plans, or
information from local registers such as
cadastre,
If options (a), (b),owners
and (c) areregisters, or other project
not available/applicable, land
registers).
participants shall submit a written testimony which was produced by
following a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methodology or a
standard Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) as practised in the host
country.
 Planning of Projects

Each projects should be managed so

as to be real and measurable and
permanent. It should demonstrate
co-benefits, be transparent and
credible and should have clear and
prior consent of owners.
 Accounting
• Credits issued on the basis of achieved “Net anthropogenic greenhouse
gas removals by sinks”

• To calculate them:
– Actual net greenhouse gas removals by sinks (AR): removals
minus emissions of GHG due to project;
– Baseline net greenhouse gas removals by sinks (BL): changes
in carbon stocks in the baseline
– Leakage (L): emissions outside the project boundary that are
the result of the project.

• 5 pools: Above-ground biomass, Below-ground biomass, Soil organic

carbon, litter and Dead organic carbon
Carbon benefits of A/R CDM project activities

Project Baseline (decrease in

scenario scenario the carbon
(changes in (changes in stocks in the

“Net anthropogenic GHG

the carbon the carbon carbon pools)

removal by sinks”
stocks in the stocks in the
carbon pools) carbon
pools) increase
=
Removals minus in
emissions of emissions
GHG due to
project =
Leakage
= =
“Actual net GHG “Baseline net
removal by sinks” GHG removal by Outside the project
sinks” boundary,
“attributable” and
Within the project boundary “measurable”
 Leakage
Leakage = Increased GHG emissions outside the project boundary
attributable to the project activity (e.g. induced land use/cover change,
increased consumption of fossil fuels) and measurable.
Project Area Nearby the Project Area

2005 2005

2005+X 2005+X
CO2
C
C
The method to be used to assess leakage is part of the
“baseline” methodology.
 Additionality
A project activity is “additional” or “not
additional”. Accordingly it gets 100% or
0% of the carbon credits.
Under the Kyoto Protocol “additionality” is a
“yes” or “no” judgment.
 Key differences relevant to carbon
inventory at different project phase
Project Carbon mitigation projects
phase
Conceptualiza  Primary focus: carbon mitigation and carbon credits-
tion global environmental benefit
 Secondary focus: soil and biodiversity conservation
Proposal  Clear historical records of the past vegetation and
development soil carbon status needed
 Project boundary impacted by project activities
needs clear definition
 Estimation of baseline carbon stock is critical
 Intensive plan needed for monitoring carbon stock
changes
Project review  Baseline and project scenario carbon monitoring
and appraisal methods and arrangements very critical
Implementatio  Activities aimed at maximizing carbon benefits,
n followed by other co-benefits
Monitoring  Approved methodologies
and  Additionality of carbon stock gain critical
evaluation  All the five carbon pools need to be considered
 Large transaction cost likely for carbon inventory and
 Implications of different
methodological issues
(Use of approved methodology is mandatory)
Issue Carbon mitigation projects
Baseline  Very critical for estimating net carbon benefits
 Requires periodic monitoring of relevant carbon pools
for dynamic stock
Additionalit  Estimation of additional carbon stock gains over the
y baseline carbon stock change is necessary
 Periodic monitoring of carbon pools and baseline
scenario is necessary
 Multiple carbon pools are relevant
Leakage  Estimation of leakage of carbon benefits outside the
area subjected to direct project activities necessary for
estimating net carbon benefits
Permanenc  Estimation of reversal or loss of carbon benefits required
e  Carbon stock-Difference method estimates any loss due
to reversal of carbon

Project  Includes area directly subjected to project activities as

boundary well as areas not directly subjected to project activities
but where carbon stocks will be impacted
Scale  Has implications for carbon inventory methods and cost
of monitoring
 Types of A/R activities

• Small Scale A & R project activities

- Threshold limit of net anthropogenic GHG removals by

sinks of 16 kilotonnes CO2 per year (revised from 8 kt
CO2 by decision /CMP.3, Bali)
-Implemented by low income communities

• Large Scale A & R project activities

- No threshold limit of net anthropogenic GHG removals

by sinks
 Potential CDM Projects in A/R
Forest Opportunity Project Examples
Sector

Short rotation fuel Fuel wood supply for rural people

wood
Afforestation & Agro-forestry Farm income/ Joint Forestry
reforestation Mgmt
Carbon Sequestration
Short rotation Pulp etc. to industries
industrial wood
Forest Produce Methane Avoidance Aerobic Composting of forest
litter
Development of oils Biodiesel from Jatropha
Short rotation Biomass feedstock to power
energy generators
Green Energy Energy efficient Building energy efficient
Construction buildings like Jungle Resorts/
Forest Lodges
Mitigation Activities and Carbon Inventory

Land-use Mitigation Projects Items in Carbon

Activity Inventory
Forest Land Afforestation •Community •Estimation in changes of
Woodlands carbon stocks in biomass
•Community and soil
Plantations •Production of fuelwood,
•Fruit Orchards timber
Reforestation •Natural Regeneration •Estimation in changes of
•Plantation in carbon stocks in biomass
Degraded Lands and soil
•Production of roundwood

Cropland Agroforestry •Row-intercropping •Estimation in changes of

•Shelterbelts carbon stocks in soil
•Watershed •Increase in perennial crop
Management biomass production

Grassland Improved •Grazing Management •Increase in grass

Management •Improved Grassland production and Soil
Practices organic carbon
List of approved CDM Afforestation and Reforestation (A/R) methodologies
Sl.No. Meth No. Details

1 AR- AM “Reforestation of degraded land”

0001 This methodology is based on the draft CDM-AR-PDD “Facilitating Reforestation for Guangxi
Watershed Management in Pearl River Basin, China

2 AR- AM “Restoration of degraded lands through afforestation/reforestation”

0002 This methodology is based on the draft CDM-AR-PDD “Moldova Soil Conservation Project”

3 AR- AM “Afforestation and reforestation of degraded land through tree planting, assisted natural
0003 regeneration and control of animal grazing”
This methodology is based on the draft CDM-AR-PDD “Assisted Natural Regeneration on
Degraded Land in Albania”, (Withdrawn)

4 AR – AM Reforestation or afforestation of land currently under agricultural use”

0004 This methodology is based on the draft CDM-AR-PDD “Reforestation around Pico Bonito National
Park, Honduras”,

5 AR – AM “Reforestation or afforestation of land currently under agricultural use”

0005 This methodology is based on the draft CDM-AR-PDD “Reforestation as Renewable Source of
Wood Supplies for Industrial Use in Brazil”

6 AR – AM “Afforestation/Reforestation with Trees Supported by Shrubs on Degraded Land”

0006 This methodology is based on the draft CDM-AR-PDD “Afforestation for Combating
Desertification in Aohan County, Northern China
 List of Approved CDM Methodologies for
A/R
Number Title Above Below Dead LitterSoil
Ground Ground Wood Organi
Biomas Biomas c
s s Carbon

AR - AM “Reforestation of degraded Yes Yes No No No

0001 land”

AR - AM Restoration of degraded lands Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

0002 through
afforestation/reforestation
AR - AM Afforestation and reforestation Yes Yes No No No
0003 of degraded land through tree
planting, assisted natural
regeneration and control of
animal grazing

AR - AM Reforestation or afforestation Yes Yes No No No

0004 of land currently under
 A/R CDM Projects from India submitted to CDM EB
Sl. No. Project Title Methodologies Reductions* Comments
1 Reforestation of severely degraded landmass in AR-AM0001 ver. 1 49,484 Registered on 5 June
Khammam District of Andhra Pradesh, India 2009
under ITC Social Forestry Project.
2 Bagepalli CDM Reforestation Programme AR-AM0001 ver. 2 346,701
3 Reforestation Project at Shree Panchavati AR-AM0001 ver. 2 10,590
Panjrapole (SNPP),
4 Reforestation of degraded land in AR-AM0001 ver. 2 3,555
5 Bagepalli CDM Reforestation Programme AR-AM0001 ver. 2 155,852
Small Scale Cooperative
6 Afforestation CDM Pilot Project Activity on AR-AMS0001 ver. 4 11,591 Registered on 23 March
Private Lands Affected by Shifting Sand Dunes 2009
in Sirsa, Haryana
7 The International Small Group and Tree AR-AMS0001 ver. 4 7,367 Registration in Process
Planting Program (TIST), Tamil Nadu
8 Reforestation of degraded land by MTPL in AR-AC 001 ver.2M 137,018 Submitted in 2009
India
9 Improving Rural Livelihoods Through Carbon AR-AM 004 ver.3 324269 Submitted in 2009
Sequestration By Adopting Environment
Friendly Technology based Agroforestry
practices
10 India: Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project AR-ACM 001 ver.2 252,905 Submitted in 2009
– Improving Livelihoods and Watersheds

11 Rehabilitation of Degraded Wastelands at AR-AMS 001 ver.5 15058 Submitted in 2009

Deramandi in Southern District of National
Capital Territory of Delhi through Reforestation
 Carbon Potential of Fast Growing Species

• A fast growing tree species (Eucalyptus) under intensive management can assimilate
more than 15 m3 ha-1 y-1 of wood during its rotation (10 years), which is significantly
higher than the observed assimilation potential of traditional timber trees such as teak
(Tectona grandis) and Sal (Shorea robusta).

• D.sissoo and Prosopis juliflora produced biomass 114/dry t/ha at three years of age
(Kimothi, 1984).

• In dry tropical region, the E.tereticornis biomass varies from 5.65 t/ha at 5 years to
112.5t/ha at 8 years (Rawat and Kishwan, 2007.

• Therefore, plantations of quick growing species QGS with a mean annual increment
(MAI) have a potential to sequester 5 t of carbon ha-1 y-1 or about 18.35 t CO2e ha-1 y-1 .
 Biomass Energy Plantations

• A/R projects may generate CERs through

bioenergy plantations (biodiesel, fuelwood) for
displacing fossil fuels in power and industrial
applications.
• Large no. of methodologies for biomass energy,
e.g. AM007, AM0026, AM0027, AM0036, AM0042,
AM0047, AM0057, ACM 0002, ACM0006.
• Biomass energy does not have the restrictions on
use of CERs (Certified Emission Reductions)
under Marrakesh accord.
Registered Bioenergy Projects

• Biomass Energy: Just one Meth: AM0007

has >100 registered projects (a project
may use > 1 meth)!
• India had approved >200 renewable
biomass energy projects.

• These facts suggest that A/R for

renewable biomass energy can also
be used for CDM credits.
 Acknowledgments
• ICFRE, Dehradun
• Mr Jagdish Kishwan
• Dr Mukesh Gupta, Soil Expert
• Dr Vijay Rawat, Ecology
Thanks to

• EPCO
• Mr Alok Srivastava, Principal
Secretary
• Mr Lokendra Thakkar and EPCO team
 Thanks

Contact Address

Dr Rajiv Pandey
Scientist
EIA Division
Indian Council of Forestry
Research & Education
(ICFRE)
Dehradun, India

Phone: +91 0 9412918634