A Presentation on the Research Paper:

PREVENTIVE CONTROL APPROACH FOR VOLTAGE

STABILITY
IMPROVEMENT USING VOLTAGE STABILITY
CONSTRAINED
OPTIMAL POWER FLOW BASED ON STATIC LINE
VOLTAGE
STABILITY INDICES

Presented by:
Debasish Choudhury

Abstract:
This paper presents a novel voltage stability

constrained optimal power flow (VSC-OPF)

approach based on static line voltage stability
indices to simultaneously improve voltage
stability and minimise power system losses
under stressed and contingency conditions.
The proposed methodology uses a voltage
collapse proximity indicator (VCPI) to provide
important information about the proximity of
the system to voltage instability. The VCPI
index is then incorporated into the optimal
power flow (OPF) formulation.

Introduction:
As several blackouts around the world have been

related to voltage instability phenomena much

interest has been devoted by planning engineers
to the voltage stability constrained OPF (VSC-OPF)
problem.

The present paper deals with including the

voltage stability issue in the conventional OPF to
effectively improve system voltage stability as well
as to reduce power losses when subject to
unexpected contingencies such as generation
outages, tripping of a transmission line in a heavily
loaded system or an unpredictable increase in load
demand.

Contd
In

the literature, many methods and

techniques have been developed for
voltage stability analysis and voltage
collapse prediction.
Moreover a number of static voltage
stability indices have been widely used for
evaluating and predicting the proximity of
the system to voltage instability. These
indices are of two types: Bus Voltage
Stability Indices and Line Indices.

Contd
Much work have been done in order

to investigate the most efficient and

accurate method to incorporate
these voltage stability criteria into
the
OPF
formulation.
Many
researchers have even introduced
bus voltage indices into the OPF
problem.

Reasons for using VCPI(Voltage

Collapse Proxim ity Indicator)
The

VCPI has the best accuracy and

robustness in predicting voltage collapse.
Also, the VCPI index has some strong
points such as
simplicity,
fast numerical calculation,
flexibility for simulating any type of
topological and load modifications in the
network and
its application for real time simulation

Single Transm ission line

m odel:

Line VSI:VCPI
The VCPI index is based on the concept of

maximum power transferred through the

lines of the network shown in the previous
slide and is defined by:

where the numerators are the real and

reactive
powers
transmitted
to
the
receiving end and the denominators are the
maximum amount of real or reactive power
that can be transmitted though the line.

 The maximum active or reactive

powers may be given by:

where: Vs=Sending end voltage

Zs= Line Impedence
= load impedance angle
= line impedance angle

 The VCPI increases with increasing

power flow, varies from 0 to 1.

The critical line will be the line with
the highest VCPI value and the load
bus connected to the line will be the
vulnerable bus in the system.
From the above equations, it is clear
that the rise in voltage increases the
values of Pr (max) and Qr (max) and
as such decrease VCPI improving the
voltage stability of the system.

O PF form ulation
The OPF problem is generally formulated

as:
minf (x,u) ---------- (4)
subject to
g(x,u)=0 ---------- (5 )
and h(x,u)>=0 --------- (6)
where (4) is the objective function to be
minimised
(5) represents the equality constraints and
(6) represents the inequality constraints.

O bjective functions:
Fuel Cost:

Where:
FC= total fuel cost
Ng= Total No. of generators
ai, bi, ci = fuel cost coefficients of the i th
generator.
PGi = Real power output of the ith generator.

O bjective function (proposed)

Voltage Stability Index:

where:
VCPIT = sum of the voltage stability indices
for all the lines of the system
VCPIi = VCPI for line I
Ni = No. of transmission lines in the system

ConventionalConstraints:
Equality constraints: represent the

non-linear power flow equations:

where symbols carry their usual

meanings.

ConventionalConstraints(contd )
Inequality constraints: include the

system operating and the security

limits:
PGi,min <= PGi <= PGi,max ---------------- 11
QGi,min <= QGi <= QGi,max ---------------- 12
Vi, min <= Vi <= Vi,max ---------------- 13

where symbols carry their usual

meanings.

Constraint (proposed)
Voltage stability constraint: Voltage limits

alone are not sufficient to guarantee an

acceptable voltage stability level of the
system under different operating conditions.
In this paper, a voltage stability constraint
based on the VCPI is added to the classical
OPF.
VCPImax <= VCPIlimit
where VCPIlimit is a desired threshold value to

ensure a certain system security level and

VCPImax is the maximum value of the VCPI
index

VSC-O PF approach for

preventive control
The purpose of the VSC-OPF based

on the VCPI index is mainly to move

the power system operation state far
away from the voltage collapse by
increasing the system stability
margin. The proposed algorithm is
incorporated into an automatic
security monitoring and control
system (ASMCS) as shown in the
next slide:

Im plem entation ofthe VSCO PF algorithm

The computational algorithm is

shown in the next slide:

Results and D iscussions

 The main purpose of this paper is the

performance evaluation of the proposed

VSC-OPF approach based on the line VSI
(VCPI), the OPF problem has been
solved for different cases described as
follows:
1) Cost function
2) Cost function with voltage stability
constraint
3) Total sum of VSI

IEEE 30 bus system

System perform ance under

stressed condition:

Conclusion:
A novel VSC-OPF approach for voltage

stability preventive control has been

proposed.
The effectiveness and robustness of
the proposed OPF based on VCPI index
are tested and demonstrated.
The proposed technique is based on a
simple concept and can be practically
applicable for the online voltage
security assessment.

THANK YOU