KTEE 308 International Economics

Lecture 2 - Ricardian Model

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Difference in autarky price

Difference in the preferences
Difference in factor endowments
Difference in technology

The Different Trade Theories

Four categories:
1. Early Trade Theory: Mercantilists
2. Classical Trade Theory: Ricardian
Model
3. Modern Trade Theory: HeckscherOhlin Model
4. New Approaches to Trade Theory

Mercantilism
Until mid-18th century.
Mercantilists assumed trade to be a zero-sum
game since they assumed that fixed amounts
of goods and of gold existed in the world.
Trade only determined their distribution
among the various nations
Welfare increases with exports: exports
increase, gold accumulates more [no money
depreciation]
Welfare decreases with imports: imports
increase, gold reserve reduces

Mercantilists (contd)
purpose of international trade was
to keep exports greater than
imports and pile up gold [maintain
surplus in trade balance]
when/if deficits were created they
believed that imports had to be
restricted

Mercantilists (contd)
But in the 1740s, David Hume explained
that as quantity of money (gold)
changes, so also does the price level,
and the nation's real wealth is
unaffected
In 1770s, Adam Smith argued that
import restrictions would reduce the
gains from specialization and make a
nation poorer

Law of Comparative
advantage
David Ricardo (1817) developed the
theory of comparative advantage.
According to this theory,
specialization and free trade will
benefit all trading partners, even the
absolutely less efficient producers.

Law of Comparative
Advantage (contd)
Although comparative advantage
is a simple concept, experience
shows that it is a surprisingly hard
concept for many people to
understand (or accept).

Law of Comparative
Advantage (contd)
Indeed, Paul Samuelson the
Nobel laureate economist who did
much to develop the model of
international trade has described
comparative advantage as the best
example he knows of an economic
principle that is undeniably true yet
not obvious to intelligent people.

Absolute Advantage
The advantage in the production of
a product enjoyed by one country
over another when it uses fewer
resources to produce that product
than the other country does.

Absolute Advantage an illustration

Suppose country A and country B produce
wheat, but that A's climate is more suited to
wheat and its labor is more productive.
Country A will therefore produce more wheat
per hectare than country B and use less labor
in growing it and bringing it to the market.
Country A thus enjoys an absolute advantage
over country B in the production of wheat.

Comparative Advantage
The advantage in the production of a
product enjoyed by one country over
another when that product can be
produced at lower cost in terms of
other goods than it could be in the
other country.

Comparative Advantage an illustration

Suppose that countries C and D both
produce wheat and corn and that C enjoys an
absolute advantage in the production of both
- that is, C's climate is better than D's, and
fewer of C's resources are needed to produce
a given quantity of both wheat and corn.
C and D each need to choose between
planting land with wheat and corn.

Comparative Advantage an illustration (contd)

To produce more wheat, either country must
transfer land from corn production and vice
versa.
Suppose that in country C, 1 kilogram of wheat
has an opportunity cost of 2 kilograms of corn.
At the same time, suppose that producing 1
kilogram of wheat in country D requires to give
up only 1 kilogram of corn.
D enjoys a comparative advantage in producing
wheat.

Example: Gains from Mutual

Absolute Advantage
Assume
a) two countries with fixed amount of land (100 hectares)
and land yields given in the table below
b) only two products produced (wheat and cotton),
c) preferences for food and clothing are such that both
countries consume equal amounts of wheat and cotton.
PPFs before trade

New Zealand Australia

Wheat 600 (6 x 100) 200 (2 x 100)
Cotton 200 (2 x 100) 600 (6 x 100)

Example: Contd
When there is no trade the allocation of
resources will be such that both countries will
produce 150 tons of wheat and 150 tons of cotton.
Australia

NewZealand
Wheat

Wheat

W:25hectaresx6tons/hec
C:75hectaresx2tons/hec

W:75hectaresx2tons/hec
C:25acresx6tons/hec
(150,150)

(150,150)

PPF
Cotton

Cotton

Example: Contd

Expanded possibilities after trade:

If countries realize that they should
specialize (Australia in cotton and
New Zealand in wheat) and trade,
both countries could gain
Both are now specializing:
Production

New
Zealalnd
Wheat
Cotton

600
0

Consumption
New
Australia Zealalnd Australia
0
600

300
300

300
300

Example: Contd
In this situation 300 tons of wheat is traded for
300 tons of cotton:
NewZealand

Australia

Wheat

Wheat

(300,
300)

(300,
300)

Cotton

Cotton

Example: Contd
Trade enables both countries to move
beyond their previous resource and
productivity constraints

both countries (after trade) can

consume beyond their production
possibilities (PPFs)!

A One Factor Ricardian Model

The simple example with roses and
computers explains the intuition behind
the Ricardian model.
We formalize these ideas by
constructing a slightly more complex
one factor Ricardian model using the
following simplifying assumptions:

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A One Factor Ricardian Model

(cont.)
1.

Labor is the only resource important for production.

2.

Labor productivity varies across countries, usually due

to differences in technology, but labor productivity in
each country is constant across time.

3.

The supply of labor in each country is constant.

4.

Only two goods are important for production and

consumption: wine and cheese.

5.

Competition allows laborers to be paid a competitive

wage, a function of their productivity and the price of
the good that they can sell, and allows laborers to
work in the industry that pays the highest wage.

6.

Only two countries are modeled: domestic and foreign.

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A One Factor Ricardian Model

(cont.)
Because labor productivity is constant, define a unit
labor requirement as the constant number of
hours of labor required to produce one unit of output.

aLW is the unit labor requirement for wine in the domestic

country. For example, if aLW = 2, then it takes 2 hours of
labor to produce one liter of wine in the domestic country.

aLC is the unit labor requirement for cheese in the domestic

country. For example, if aLC = 1, then it takes 1 hour of labor
to produce one kg of cheese in the domestic country.

A high unit labor requirement means low labor productivity.

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A One Factor Ricardian Model

(cont.)
Because the supply of labor is constant,
denote the total number of labor hours
worked in the domestic country as a
constant number L.

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Production Possibilities

The production possibility frontier (PPF) of an

economy shows the maximum amount of a goods that
can be produced for a fixed amount of resources.

If QC represents the quantity of cheese produced and QW

represents the quantity of wine produced, then the
production possibility frontier of the domestic economy
has the equation:

aLCQC + aLWQW = L
Labor required for
each unit of
cheese production

Total units
of cheese
production

Labor required for

each unit of wine
production

Total amount of
labor resources
Total units
of wine
production

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Production Possibilities (cont.)

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Production Possibilities (cont.)

aLCQC + aLWQW = L

QC = L/aLC when QW = 0

QW = L/aLW when QC = 0

QW = L/aLW (aLC /aLW )QC: the equation for the PPF, with a
slope equal to (aLC /aLW )

When the economy uses all of its resources, the opportunity

cost of cheese production is the quantity of wine that is
given up (reduced) as QC increases: (aLC /aLW )

When the economy uses all of its resources, the opportunity

cost is equal to the absolute value of the slope of the PPF,
and it is constant when the PPF is a straight line.
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Production Possibilities (cont.)

To produce an additional kg of cheese requires aLC hours
of work.
Each hour devoted to cheese production could have been
used to produce a certain amount of wine instead, equal to
1 hour/(aLW hours/liter of wine)
= (1/aLW) liter of wine
For example, if 1 hour is moved to cheese production, that
additional hour of labor could have produced 1 hour/(2
hours/liter of wine) = 1/2 liter of wine.
The trade-off is the increased amount of cheese relative to
the decreased amount of wine: aLC /aLW.

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Production Possibilities (cont.)

In general, the amount of the domestic
economys production is defined by
aLCQC + aLWQW L
This describes what an economy can
produce, but to determine what the
economy does produce, we must
determine the prices of goods.

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Production, Prices and Wages

Let PC be the price of cheese and PW be the price
of wine.
Because of competition,

hourly wages of cheese makers are equal to the market

value of the cheese produced in an hour: Pc /aLC

hourly wages of wine makers are equal to the market

value of the wine produced in an hour: PW /aLW

Because workers like high wages, they will work in

the industry that pays a higher hourly wage.

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Production, Prices and Wages

(cont.)
If PC /aLC > PW/aLW workers will make only cheese.

If PC /PW > aLC /aLW workers will only make cheese.

The economy will specialize in cheese production if the

price of cheese relative to the price of wine exceeds the
opportunity cost of producing cheese.

If PC /aLC < PW /aLW workers will make only wine.

If PC /PW < aLC /aLW workers will only make wine.

If PW /PC > aLW /aLC workers will only make wine.

The economy will specialize in wine production if the price

of wine relative to the price of cheese exceeds the
opportunity cost of producing wine.

Production, Prices and Wages

(cont.)
If the domestic country wants to consume both
wine and cheese (in the absence of international
trade), relative prices must adjust so that wages
are equal in the wine and cheese industries.

If PC /aLC = PW /aLW workers will have no incentive to

flock to either the cheese industry or the wine industry,
thereby maintaining a positive amount of production of
both goods.

PC /PW = aLC /aLW

Production (and consumption) of both goods occurs

when relative price of a good equals the opportunity
cost of producing that good.
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Trade in the Ricardian Model

Suppose that the domestic country has a
comparative advantage in cheese production:
its opportunity cost of producing cheese is lower
than it is in the foreign country.
aLC /aLW < a*LC /a*LW
When the domestic country increases cheese production, it
reduces wine production less than the foreign country does
because the domestic unit labor requirement of cheese
production is low compared to that of wine production.

where * notates foreign country variables

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Trade in the Ricardian Model

(cont.)
Suppose the domestic country is more efficient in
wine and cheese production.
It has an absolute advantage in all production: its
unit labor requirements for wine and cheese
production are lower than those in the foreign
country:

aLC < a*LC and aLW < a*LW

A country can be more efficient in producing both

goods, but it will have a comparative advantage in
only one goodthe good that uses resources most
efficiently compared to alternative production.
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Trade in the Ricardian Model

(cont.)
Even if a country is the most (or least) efficient
producer of all goods, it still can benefit from
trade.
To see how all countries can benefit from trade,
we calculate relative prices when trade exists.

Without trade, relative price of a good equals the

opportunity cost of producing that good.

To calculate relative prices with trade, we first

calculate relative quantities of world production:
(QC + Q*C )/(QW + Q*W)
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Relative Supply and Relative

Demand
Next we consider relative supply of
cheese: the quantity of cheese supplied
by all countries relative to the quantity
of wine supplied by all countries at each
relative price of cheese, Pc /PW.

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Relative Supply and Relative

Demand (cont.)
Relative price
of cheese, PC/PW
a*LC/a*LW

RS

aLC/aLW

L/aLC
L*/a*LW

Relative quantity
of cheese, QC + Q*C
QW + Q*W

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Relative Supply and Relative Demand

(cont.)
Relative demand of cheese is the
quantity of cheese demanded in all
countries relative to the quantity of wine
demanded in all countries at each
relative price of cheese, PC /PW.
As the relative price of cheese rises,
consumers in all countries will tend to
purchase less cheese and more wine so
that the relative quantity of cheese
demanded falls.
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Relative Supply and Relative

Demand (cont.)
Relative price
of cheese, PC/PW
a*LC/a*LW

RS
1
RD

aLC/aLW

L/aLC
L*/a*LW

Relative quantity
of cheese, QC + Q*C
QW + Q * W

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Relative Supply
and Relative Demand (cont.)

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Gains From Trade

Gains from trade come from specializing in
production that use resources most efficiently,
and using the income generated from that
production to buy the goods and services that
countries desire.

where using resources most efficiently means

producing a good in which a country has a comparative
advantage.

Domestic workers earn a higher income from

cheese production because the relative price of
cheese increases with trade.
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Gains From Trade (cont.)

Foreign workers earn a higher income from
wine production because the relative price of
cheese decreases with trade (making cheese
cheaper) and
the relative price of wine increases with trade.

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Gains From Trade (cont.)

We show how consumption possibilities
expand beyond the production possibility
frontier when trade is allowed.
Without trade, consumption is restricted to
what is produced.
With trade, consumption in each country is
expanded because world production is
expanded when each country specializes
in producing the good in which it has a
comparative advantage.
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Gains From Trade (cont.)

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