Title

Chapter 1
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Chapter 1

The Human Organism

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1.1 Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy: scientific discipline that
investigates the bodys structure
Physiology: scientific investigation of the
processes or functions of living things

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Topics of Anatomy
Gross or macroscopic: structures examined
without a microscope
Regional: studied area by area
Systemic: studied system by system
Surface: external form and relation to deeper
structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope

Cytology: cellular anatomy
Histology: study of tissues
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Topics of Physiology
Reveals dynamic nature of living things
Considers operations of specific organ
systems
Cell physiology: examines processes in cells
Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous
system
Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels

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Subjects That Encompass Both

Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology: structural and functional
changes caused by disease
Exercise Physiology: changes in structure
and function caused by exercise

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1.2 Structural and Functional Organizations

Chemical Level: interaction of
atoms
Cell Level: structural and
functional unit of living
organisms
Tissue Level: group of similar
cells and the materials
surrounding them
Organ Level: one or more tissues
functioning together
Organ System Level: group of
organs functioning together
Organism Level: any living
thing.

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Organs of the Body

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Organ Systems of the Body

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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1.3 Characteristics of Life

1. Organization: condition in which there are specific
relationships and functions
2. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body
3. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust
4. Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells
5. Development: changes in an organism over time
Differentiation: change from general to specific
Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs

6. Reproduction: new cells or new organisms

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1.4 Biomedical Research

Shared characteristics between living things
drive research
Single-celled bacteria = cell
Mammalian research furthers human surgery
and medicine
Strict laws govern research to minimize suffering

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1.5 Homeostasis
Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a
normal range of values.
Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.
What is the set point for body temperature?

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Feedback Systems
Two types: negative and positive
Components
Receptor: monitors the value of some variable
Control center: establishes the set point
Effector: can change the value of the variable

Stimulus: deviation from the set point;

detected by the receptor
Response: produced by the effector
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Negative Feedback

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Example of Negative Feedback

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Changes in B.P. During Exercise

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Positive Feedback
When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation
greater
Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and
can result in death
Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth
Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure
drops and the hearts ability to pump blood decreases

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1.6 Terminology and Body Plan

Anatomical Position
Body erect, face forward, feet
together, palms face forward

Other Body Positions

Supine: lying face upward
Prone: lying face downward

Directional Terms
Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior
(Caudal) toward or away from the
head
Medial vs. Lateral relative to the
midline
Proximal vs. Distal used to
describe linear structures
Superficial vs. Deep relative to the
surface of the body
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Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)

Directional Terms
(cont.)
Anterior (Ventral) vs.
Posterior (Dorsal).
Anterior is forward;
posterior is toward the
back.

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Body Parts and Regions

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Body Parts and Regions

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Abdominal Subdivisions

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Planes
Median (through the
midline) and Sagittal (same
plane, but to the left or right
of median
Frontal or Coronal divides
body into anterior and
posterior sections
Transverse / Cross divides
body into superior and
inferior sections
Oblique: Other than at a
right angle

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Planes Through an Organ

Longitudinal: cut
along the length of an
organ
Transverse/Cross: cut
at right angle to length
of the organ
Oblique: cut at any but
a right angle

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Body Cavities
Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities.
Mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic
cavity except the lungs

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Serous Membranes

Cover the organs of trunk cavities and line the cavity

Fist represents an organ
Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane
Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane
Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous
fluid that is produced by the membranes
Inflammation of the serous membranes

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Serous Membranes: Named for

Their Specific Cavities and Organs
Pericardium refers to heart.
Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity
Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity

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Imaging Techniques

Radiography
Ultrasound (US)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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Radiography (X-ray): Shadowy negative of

internal body structures

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Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves

bounced off a structure in the body.

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 Computed
Tomography (CT
Scan): computeranalyzed composite of
radiograph; shows slices
of body.
Dynamic Spatial
Reconstruction (DSR):
3-D version of CT using
multiple slices.
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Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA):

comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel
studies.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism

and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in
soft tissues.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses

radioactively labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity
of cells.

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