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CISCO 60%
40%
D-Link
3 Com
Nortel
Cygnus
Etc..
Router is an internetworking
component, that connects networks
which are at different geographical
locations.
Serial 1
Serial 0
V.35 modem
AUI
E0
Console AUX
PC
Interfaces on a Router
2. Serial
line
3. BRI/PRI
Routers
Modular
Fixed
Modular Routers
These type of routers have up gradable slots, and the number
of ports can be increased just by adding cards in the slots.
Fixed Routers
These types of routers have fixed number of ports.
Fixed
700, 800,.2500
Modular
2600,.., 12000
Transceiver
Configuration of a Router
Router for the first time is configured through the CONSOLE
port.COM port of a PC is connected to the console port of router
with a console cable by using a transceiver. Router is accessible by a
tool. In windows, it is called HYPER TEMINAL. As soon as the
router is powered on and accessed, the following things happen,
POST
BOOT STRAP
FLASH
NVRAM
Setup Mode
Router>_
USER MODE
Router> is the user mode, I,e the default prompt. It
means that when ever a router boots successfully it
lands into the user mode. Router cannot be
configured from this mode, but it is used for just
monitoring purpose. Router> en
Router #
PREVILEGE MODE
Router# it is the administrating mode, we can check
whether the settings and configurations made have been
implemented or not. Eg. Router # Sh int e0. If it is new
router all the interfaces are by default shut down, so the
message will be, Ethernet 0 is administratively down,
line protocol is down.
Previlege PASSWORDS
Enable Password
Enable Secret
CONFIGURING INTERFACES
LAN interface (ETHERNET Port)
WAN interface (SERIAL Port)
ETHERNET
Router(config)#Interface Ethernet 0
Router(config-if)#Ip Address 200.150.1.254 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#^Z
Router#Show Int E0
SERIAL
Router(config)#Interface Serial 0
Router(config-if)#Ip Address 150.10.1.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config)#clock rate 56000
Router(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#No shutdown
Router(config-if)#^Z
The CDP
Its a Cisco's proprietary protocol called the Cisco
Discovery Protocol, that gives you a summary of all the
directly connected Cisco devices. CDP is a L2 protocol,
that discovers neighbor regardless of which protocol suite
they are running. When a cisco device boots up, the CDP
is loaded by default, but can be disabled at interface level.
* The CDP is limited to the immediate neighbors only
The summary includes Device Identifier(eg. Switch
configured name or domain name), Port Identifier (eg.
Ethernet 0 and serial 0.), Capabilities list (eg. The device
can act as a source route bridge as well as a router),
Platform (eg. Cisco 2600).
Notification things
1) First assign IP address on routers
ethernet interface.
2) Assign an IP address of TFTP server in
LAN card setting. This address also of
PC on which we are working.
3) Ping both address successfully TFTP
server address and routers IP address.
Backup Sources :
1. Through Telnet Session.
2. Through Console Session.
3. Through Auxillary Port (Remote Session)
Case 2: The distance between the two locations is less than 5Km.
Requirements
A pair of Routers, Leased line and pair of leased line modem.
Leased line
V.35
modem
Csu/
Dsu
S0
E0
Switch/hub
Internal Network
S0
Telephone
Exchange
Router
E0
Switch/hub
Internal Network
Routing
Routing is of three types.
Static - Static routing is done by the users. These paths
are stored in the routing table.
Advantage:No overhead on the router CPU,No
bandwidth usage between routers, Security(administrator
only allows routing to certain networks).
Disadvantage: If one network is added to the
internetwork the administrator must add a route to it on all
routers. It is not feasible network because it would be a
full time job.
Example:
10.0.0.1/8
S0
E 0 192.168.1.150/24
Switch/hub
192.168.1.0/24
Location A
S0
10.0.0.2/8
E 0 192.168.2.150/24
Switch/hub
192.168.2.0/24
Location B
Router(config)# ip routing
Router# sh ip route (it shows all the directly connected
networks).
C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0
C 10.0.0.0/8
S0
Location A
Router(config)# ip routing
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
Note* if we dont know the address of next hop, we can just
write the name of the hop.
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0
Location B
Router(config)# ip routing
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
Router# sh ip route
C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0
C 10.0.0.0/8
S0
Default Routing
Router(config)# ip routing
Router(config)#ip route DA (S/N mask next) (next hop
address)
Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1
Router# sh ip route
C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0
C 10.0.0.0/8
to S0
S* 0.0.0.0/0
to S0
Note:
Maximum 15 paths.Hop count metric selects the
path. It is support load balancing updates 6 equal
cost path(By default 4 path)
Route updates are broadcast for every 30 seconds,
invalid period of 180 seconds and flush period is
240 seconds.
RIP works well in small networks but it is suffecient
on large networks with slow WAN links or on
networks with a large number of routers installed.
RIP Version1 uses only classful routing which means
that all devices in the network must use the same
subnet mask. This is because RIP Version1 does not
send updates with subnet mask information.
IGRP
IGRP was created in part to overcome the
limitations of RIP (maximum hop count
of only 15, and a single routing metric)
when used within large networks. IGRP
supports multiple metrics for each
route. IGRP is considered a classful
routing protocol.
172.16.1.0
10.1.1.1
10.2.2.2
E0
S2 S2
S3
S3
10.1.1.2
10.2.2.3
172.16.1.1
Router rip
Network 172.16.0.0
Network 10.0.0.0
192.168.1.0
E0
192.168.1.1
Router rip
Network 10.0.0.0
Router rip
Network 192.168.1.0
Network 10.0.0.0
Syntaxes.
Configuring IGRP
10.1.1.1
10.2.2.2
E0
S2 S2
S3
S3
10.1.1.2
10.2.2.3
172.16.1.1
192.168.1.0
E0
192.168.1.1
IP Classless Command
Router(config)# ip classless
A router by default assumes that all the subnets of a
directly connected network should be present in the
routing table. If a packet is received with a destination
address, of an unknown subnet of directly attached
network, the router assumes that the subnet does not
exists and drops the packet. This happens even if
routing table has a default route.For the above condition
if IP Classless is configured, and if any packet is
received, then the router will match it to the default
route and forward it to the next hop specified by the
default route.
EIGRP
EIGRP is more of link state protocol.
EIGRP is still a distance vector protocol,
but it uses a different algorithm, called
the DUAL algorithm to calculate its
routes. Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is considered
a scalable routing protocol. It is a
classless protocol permitting VLSMs,
route authentication and supernetting.
Routing updates are not performed
periodically.
0.0.0.0
OSPF
OSPF(Open Short Path First) is of two types : 1) Single Area OSPF and
2) Multi Area OSPF.
Area0
S0
S0
Area2
IR
ABR
ABR
Internal Routers
IR
Area1
S 0 192.168.1.195/252
Router A
E 0 1.33
192.168.1.32/
255.255.255.224
192.168.1.192/252 S 0
Router B
E 0 1.65
192.168.1.64/
255.255.255.224
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.32
255.255.255.224
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.192 0.0.0.3 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.192
255.255.255.224
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.64 0.0.0.31 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.64
255.255.255.224
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.195 0.0.0.3 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.195
255.255.255.252
Area 0
Area 2
Area 1
192.168.1.0
Router A
Router B
E0
E0
1.50
5.50
192.168.5.0
Configuration of Router A
-------------------------------(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
(Config-Router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
(Config-Router)# area 0 range 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
Configuration of Router B
-------------------------------(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
(Config-Router)# area 2 range 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0
(Config-Router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
(Config-Router)# area 0 range 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
ACL
Standard ACL
Extended ACL
1 99
Ex. A. L
100 - 199
E 0 1.50
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.2
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
E 0 5.50
5.4
5.1
5.3
5.2
Syntax
Router(config)# Access-list ALNO P/D Src
Src-WCM
S 0 172.16.1.1
Router A
E 0 1.50
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
E 0 5.50
1.4
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.3
1.2
5.3
5.2
1.20
Configuration of Router A
(Config)# Access-list 101 deny TCP 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255
192.168.1.20 0.0.0.0 eq FTP
(Config)# Access-list 101 permit IP any any
Implementation
(Config)#int E0
(config-if)# IP Access-group 101 Out
S 0 172.16.1.1
Router A
E 0 1.50
1.4
192.168.1.3
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
E 0 5.50
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.2
5.3
5.2
Note : 192.168.1.3 is denied from entering the network of 5.0.So it will enter
with mask.
Configuration of Router A
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0
(Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int S 0 overload
Configuration of Router B
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1
(Config)# access-list 10 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0
(Config)# access-list 10 permit any
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip access-group 10 out
172.16.1.2
Routing
1.50
Router A
Switch
Leased line
192.168.1.99
Natting
5.50
Routing
Router B
5.0
Configuration of Router A
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.99
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
((Config-if)# exit
(Config)# access-list 10 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255
(Config)# ip nat inside source list 10 int E 0 overload
Configuration of Router B
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.1
(Config)# access-list 10 permit 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255
(Config)# ip nat inside source list 10 int E 0 overload
Router A
(ISDN)
E 0 1.50
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
(Zoom)
E 0 5.50
1.4
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.3
1.2
5.3
5.2
Configuration of Router A
-------------------------------# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP
(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username zoom password cisco
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP
(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username ISP password cisco
Router A
(ISDN)
E 0 1.50
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router B
(Zoom)
E 0 5.50
1.4
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.3
1.2
5.3
5.2
Configuration of Router A
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname ISP
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco
S 0 172.16.1.1
172.16.1.2 S 0
Router A
E 0 1.50
Router B
E 0 5.50
1.4
1.1
5.4
5.1
1.3
1.2
5.3
5.2
# Config t
(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3
(Config)# int E 0/1
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int Bri 1/0
(Config-if)# no ip address
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# no cdp enable
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int dialer 1
(Config-if)# ip address negotiated
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# no cdp enable
(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname unicomin@hd2
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password password
Iso(OSI)
International organization for standardization
Iso has designed a reference model called osi reference model
(open system interconnection). It has 7 layers. It says that
Any n/w for comunication needs 7 layers
1. Application layer
The user uses application layer to send the data. The protocols
@ this layer are ftp,http,smtp(e-mail) telenet etc.
2. Presentation layer
Presentation layer takes the data from application layer and present
In different formats for securing reason. The services offered @
This layer are
Compression decompression
Coding decoding
Encryption - decryption
3. Session layer
Establishing the session or the conectivity n/w n/w 1 & n/w 2 is done
By the session layer.
It
1. Establishes a session
2. maintains it &
3. Terminates it b/w the application
4. Transport layer
End-end connectivity during a session b/w two application is done
By the transport layer. It also decides the type of connection like tcp
or udp i.e. connection oriented or connection less.
Services:
Sequencing
Flow ctrl, error detection & correction
Transport layer info + data is called segment.
5. Netwrok layer
Logical addressing is done at thenetwork layer i.e. source address &
destination address are attached to the data.
Protocols @network layer
Routed protocols
Eg: ip,ipx
routing protocols
eg: rip,igrp,ospf
Routed protocols: they always carry the data along with them
Routing protocol: they identify the path for routed protocol to
carry the data
At this layer routers & layer 3 switches forms packets.
LLC
logical link control framing of
Ip address is lik the pincode & MAC address is like house number.
Here layer2 switches are used.
Wab protocols used at this layer are PPP,HDLC,FP,X.25 etc.
Here error checking CRC bits are added to the packets
DLL info+ packets --> frames
7 physical layer
Takes care of physical connectivity i.e connector,cable etc. here
Frames are converted to bits (1s & 0s).
The devices like hubs, repeaters,cables & connectors are used at
this layer.
I P Addressing
Now a days ip ver4 is followed. It is a 32-bit addressing scheme.
32bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each.
i.e 8-8-8-8. i.e (1s & 0s)-(1s & 0s)-(1s & 0s)-(1s & 0s).
(binary format). The ip address is maximum of 255 & min of 0.
In future ip ver 6 is expected. It is 128 bit scheme.
Ip adresses are clsassified into different classes.
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
A
B
C
D
E
0
128
192
224
240
127
191
223
239
255
8-8-8-8
M.S.O Most Significant Ocate considering MSO
Hence 0 & 127 cannot be used for adressing so actual range will be
1 to 126.
All ip addresses are divided into two.
1.network I.d
2.host I.d
in class a address there is 1n\w I.d postion & 3 host I.d postion I,e
N-H-H-H..
Class A
N-H-H-H
Class B
N-N-H-H
Class C
N-N-N-H
Network Ids are represented by 1s & host ids are by 0s.
Types of ip adresses
IP address
public ip address
private ip address
Public network: the public address is defined with routing over the
Internet it is given by I.S.P & routing table is created on the internet.
Private network: for internal network I,e intranet, all the ip addresses
Are governed by a body called INTERNIC. If we are a part of asia
Pacefic then it is governed by APNIC.
We can run our private network with any ip addresses of our choice
But it should not be connected to internet.
Switch
An essential component of lan. Switches are of different types like
Layer 2 layer 3, layer 4, layer 5..
Layer 2 switch :
Switch
hub
Layer 2
layer 1
b.w is equal @ all ports
b.w is shared
Identifies source with MAC
cannot identifiy the source
Broad cast occur, till mac table
alwaysbroad cast
Is built
Collision occur when both A&B
Many collisions
Wants to reach D.
1 broad cast domain 4 collision
1 broad cast domain 1 collision
Domains
domain
Switches
Access layer
Distribution layer
Core layer
Switch
standard edition
enterprise edition
The switch will always learn the MAC address from the source itself
The source should atleast communicate once to learn the MAC address
2. Filter & forwarding :
store & forward
cut through
fragment free
On access layer the default is fragment free we can change to any
Of the3 mentioned above.
1.store & forward: it stores the whole information (1500 bytes
Ethernet) into buffer, then checks for errors, looks for destination
In MAC table and then forward.
2. Cut through: no error checking.as soon as a packet arrives
It looks into MAC table & forward.