ALU SReXperts Essentials of DWDM Sept 15 2014

ESSENTIALS OF DWDM
Nazar Neayem
September 15th 2014
COPYRIGHT 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

ALCATEL-LUCENT CONFIDENTIAL SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW PROPRIETARY USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION
AGENDA
This Tutorial Contains the Following Sections:

1. Introduction to Optics and WDM
2. Building Blocks of DWDM Systems
3. Transmission Technology
4. Transmission Factors to Consider
5. Optical Transmission Impairments
6. Optical Networks Architectures
7. Optical Network Designs
3
EXECUTIVE WORKSHOP
AGENDA
2:003:15PM
Section 1-3
3:305:00 PM
Section 4-7
5:005:30 PM
Additional discussions
4
AGENDA
1. Introduction to Optics and WDM

Laser and Fibers
What is DWDM
Why Optical DWDM
Common Optical DWDM Terminology
Types of Optical Multiplexing
5
OPTICAL LASER
. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)
. LASER is a mechanism for emitting electromagnetic radiation via the process of
stimulate emission.
. Laser light is generally a narrow-wavelength electromagnetic spectrum
monochromatic light (Laser light is coherent)
. LASER technology is used in many industries such as:
Manufacturing
Medical
Data Storage
Military
Energy
Microscopy
Telecommunications
Astronomy , Space and many others
T h e L a s e r I s T h e F u n d a m e n t a l C o m p o n e n t O f O p t i c a l Tec h n o l o g y
6
OPTICAL FREQUENCIES
What we call light is actually just the

visible part of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Light from the sun is a range of
different frequencies (incoherent)
Mono-chromatic devices like lasers
operate a single frequency (coherent)
7
TUNABLE LASER
. A tunable laser is a device which the output wavelength can be

changed within a specified frequency range
. This can be done in a software controlled process
. With opto-electronic technology advancement; A Laser device can
cover full C-Band spectrum
8
SAFETY CONCERNS
There is the risk of damage to the technicians eyes by laser energy. DWDM lasers are usually Class I
Lasers and that means that enough light power is present to cause eye damage or blindness if the person
exposed looks directly into a fiber end
Laser products are classified in
accordance with the regulatory bodies
The classification scheme is based on
the ability of the laser emission to
cause injury to the eye or skin during
normal operating conditions.
Laser classification is dependent upon operating wavelength, output power and fiber mode field diameter
Automatic Power Reduction (APR)
Is a mechanism to automatically reduces power to prevent levels at an open fiber that could result in injury to
personnel, or damage to equipment
9
OPTICAL FIBERS AND FIBER CABLES

An ultra pure glass fiber that has the ability to guide light along its axis. The three parts of
an optical fiber are the core, the cladding, and coating
Modern cables come in a wide variety of sheathings and armor
Fiber Cables come in different fibers counts, e.g. 24, 48 or 96 , ..fiber strands
Coating
Core
Cladding
10
THE ADVANTAGES OF USING FIBER OPTICS

Fibers provide higher bandwidth than copper cables
Light reach greater distances compared to electrons in
copper
Light weight and small size also make them ideal for
many applications
Immunity to Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI)
Glass is safer since it is not an electrical conductor.
However could be hazardous to the eye and skin
11
THE ADVANTAGES OF USING FIBER OPTICS

Fibers also pose no threat in dangerous
environments such as chemical plants where
a spark could trigger an explosion
Fiber is non-conductive, it can be used
where electrical isolation is needed
Last but not least is the security aspect, it is
more difficult to tap into a fiber cable to
read the data signals
However with today's advanced optical
couplers technologies, it became easier to
tap a fiber
Fibers are more delicate, sensitive to
mechanical stresses, connections and
environmental changes
12
COMMON FIBER TYPES
Cladding
Single Mode fiber
~50/62.5 microns core
9 microns core
Graded Index Multi Mode fiber

Single Mode fiber
Multi Mode fiber

Core
There are two common classes for fiber

used in optical links; single-mode and Step Index Multi Mode fiber
multimode fibers
13
MOST COMMON SMF FIBER TYPES

Non-Disperson-Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.652)
ITU-T G.652 fiber is also known as standard SMF and is the most commonly deployed fiber
Typical chromatic dispersion at 1550 nm is high at 17ps/nm-km
Dispersion Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.653)

DSF exhibits a zero-dispersion value around the 1550-nm wavelength where the attenuation is
minimum
Channels allocated near 1550 nm in DSF are seriously affected by noise induced as a result of
nonlinear effects caused by FWM
Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.655)

Using nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) can mitigate nonlinear characteristics
Typical chromatic dispersion for G.655 fiber at 1550 nm is 4.5 ps/nm-km
14
WHAT IS DWDM
Wavelength division multiplexing is a technology that allow multiple discrete wavelength to
propagate thru a single physical media. This technology has been used in the wireless,
copper and optical systems
FDM with 4KHZ channels was the fundamental to the telecom industry through the 1970s
Also FDM with 6MHZ channels was the to the broadcast TV
AM FM radio use FDM
Wireless voice and data all use FDM at some level
15
15

DISCRETE TRANSPORT CHANNELS REPRESENTATION

Amplifier
Router
Router
Router
SONET
Amplifier
Amplifier
Router
10G
Router
40G
Router
100G
SONET
OC-192
SONET
SONET
OC-48
Switch
Switch
Switch
10G
Switch
10G
16
DWDM SYSTEM EXAMPLE

Router
10G
Router
Router
40G
Router
Router
100G
Router
SONET
OC-192
SONET
Switch
Switch
Amplifier
Amplifier
Amplifier
SONET
OC-48
SONET
10G
Switch
10G
Switch
17
DWDM SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS

Usually optical system with 16 or more channels is called Dense WDM mostly with 100G spacing or lower
Most deployed systems operate with 100, 50, 25 GHZ spaced channels
Mostly deployed 32-88 channels and some are150+ channels
Flex Grid (Grid-less) system deployment stages
Utilize both C, L band and some S band
Transmission rates 2.5, 10, 40, 100 and 200G. Higher rates are in development stages
Greater than 3000km in terrestrial and higher in submarine systems between O-E-O regeneration
Made Possible by:
Erbium and Raman Amplifiers
Stable, narrow-line-width lasers
Precise filtering
Dispersion management
Coherent technology
Perfection of fibers specifications
18
SOME COMMON DWDM TERMINOLOGY

Lambda (): Greek symbol used to represent a wavelength
Wavelength (): Length of an electromagnetic wave in a particular medium (i.e. glass). Example
1590.21nm
ITU Grid: A numbering scheme for wavelength frequencies by the International Telecom Union standardizes
wavelength frequencies into a number. Example ITU 47
Flex Carrier: A FLEX-CARRIER is a single wavelength that can fit in a 37.5GHz/50.0GHz/62.5GHz/ grid
Super-Channel: A SUPERFLEXCHANNEL is an end to end service of two or more FlexCarriers banded
together in adjacent spectral wavelengths
Decibels (dB): Relative unit of power measurement, logarithmic in nature . Example -17.4dB
Decibel-milli watt: Absolute unit of power measurement, referenced to 1mW of power. Example 1dBm
Attenuation: Amount of power loss of signal as it passes through fiber optic cable. Example 0.25dB/Km
Chromatic Dispersion(CD): Spreading of an optical signal as it travels through components or down fiber
optic cable. Example 100ps/nm*Km^2
Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR): Relative measure of the difference between signal strength and
noise floor. Example 20dB OSNR
Bit Error Rate (BER): Percentage Measure of errored bits / received bits. Example 10 -3
19
TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING
Time Division Multiplexing

TDM Application is , OTN
SONET/SDH
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
20
OPTICAL TRANSMISSION GRID

The International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
was founded in 1865 making it
the oldest international
organization in the UN family
ITU-T is the Sector of the ITU
Three optical frequency bands
are used for fiber-optic DWDM
networks.
1200
Bands are:
C-band (conventional)
L-band (long wavelength)
S-band (short)
Currently 12.5GHZ is the
smallest grid
O-Band
E-Band
S-Band
1260-1360
1360-1460
1460-1530
1300
1400
1500
Wavelength in nm
C and L bands are the most useful
21
CL-Band U-Band
Band
1565- 162515301625
1675
1565
1600
COARSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CWDM) ITU

ITU-T G.694.2 defines 18 wavelengths for CWDM transport
ranging from 1271 to 1611 nm, spaced at 20 nm apart.
CWDM ITU Channels (Central

Frequency) in nm
The complete CWDM grid is shown in Table
1271
1451
Due to high attenuation in the 1271-1451 nm band in the

commonly deployed optical fiber (G.652.A and G.652.B) most
CWDM implementations use 8 wavelengths in the 1471-1611
nm band.
1291
1471
1311
1491
1331
1511
1351
1531
1371
1551
1391
1571
1411
1591
1431
1611
AGENDA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction to Optics and WDM

Building Blocks of DWDM Systems
Transmission Technology
Transmission Factors to Consider
Optical Transmission Impairments
Optical Networks Architectures
Optical Network Designs
23
BUILDING BLOCKS OF DWDM SYSTEMS
Shelve and Common Equipment

Optical Add/drop Filters
Optical Amplifiers
Dispersion Compensator
Optical Switches
ROADM technology
Fabric Crossceonenct Technology
Optical Attenuators
Optical Signal Splitters and Combiners
Optical Inter-leaver
Optical Service Channels
24
DWDM COMMON EQUIPMENT

Redundant Equipment
Controller
User Panel
FAN
Universal Slots
Power Filters
25
OPTICAL ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXERS

Most Add/drop Multiplexers are passive devices (Static) based on AWG technology
Comes in different multiplexing channels
1, 2, 4 , 5 channels, 8, 32, 40, 44
Mainly the low channel multiplexers are in-shelf cards while the high channels one 32, 40 and
44 channels are mounted externally on the bay
Some optical Add/drop multiplexers comes with thru port that allow the channels that will not
be dropped to pass thru the fiber
Also most of OADM have power monitoring ports for diagnostics and power measurements
ARRAYED WAVEGUIDES FILTERS (AWG)

The AWG mixes individual wavelengths, from different lines etched into
the AWG substrate (the base material that supports the waveguides) into one
etched line called the output waveguide, thereby acting as multiplexer
AWG offers
Higher channel capacity
Lower cost per channel
Smaller footprint
27
27

THIN FILM OPTICAL FILTERS

1...... n
The first TFF section passes wavelength 1 and reflects all

other channels to the second, which then passes 2 and
reflects all other channels. This allows for demultiplexing or
multiplexing o optical signals.
Thru s
28
OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs)

Raman Amplifiers
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
29
EDFA CHARACTERISTICS
Uses doped fibers and laser pump to amplify light within the designed spectrum range
Operating gain is the common classifying parameter for EDFA amplifiers measured in dB
Example a gain of 10dB result in 10 fold gain = 10 x the ingress signal power
All optical amplifiers introduces noise during the amplification process
Noise figure (NF) is critical factor of the amplifier specification
Other factors to consider
Input Power
Saturated Output Power
Gain Flatness
Dynamic Response
Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE)
Also to consider is , power consumption, size and price
30
SAMPLE EDFA GAIN CURVE
O p t i c a l Am p l i f i e r s r e q u i r e G a i n F l a t t i n g F i l t e r s
31
EDFA AMPLIFIER CARDS

Amplifiers card include:
RA2P
Optical Supervisory Channel

Optical Amplifier
Programmable Tilt Control
Transient Response Control
Automatic Power Reduction
RAMAN 2 Pump
Up to 10 dB Gain on
G.652/SMF fiber
AHPMG
AHPLG
OSC
OSC
16-32 dB flat gain,

23 dBm Pout
A2125A
A2318A
OSC
6-24 dB flat gain,

20 dBm Pout
15-31 dB flat gain,

21 dBm Pout
OSC
7-24 dB flat gain,

23 dBm Pout
32
RAMAN AMPLIFIER
The signal is amplified based on the Stimulated RAMAN Scattering (SRS) process
The high power pumped light is scattered from lower wavelength to higher wavelength
Amplifications happens within the fiber plant based on Distributed RAMAN amplification (DRA)
RAMAN amplifiers consist of more than one RAMAN pump (2,3,4 )
Normally higher optical pumps are required
RAMAN amplifiers can be in a co-propagation or counter-propagation configurations
33
OPTICAL SERVICE CHANNEL

Additional channels (e.g 1510 nm) used for system
Add/drop Node
Communication
Mostly has a rage of 155Mb/s (OC3)
OSC used to trigger APR (Auto Power Reduction)
External SFPs are used depending on the required loss
and reach
In long spans the OSC need to be amplified. RAMAN
and EDFA amplifiers can be utilized
Line Amplifier
34
EXAMPLE OF EDFA AND RAMAN AMPLIFIERS CONFIGURATIONS
Optical signals flow
RAMAN Pump Flow
35
DISPERSION COMPENSATION MODULES
DCM
DCM
DCM
Per direction Modules

Values are determined by the fiber type and length and transponders tolarance
Can be sandwiched between the amplifier stages or directly on the fiber
36
OPTICAL SWITCHES
Stand-alone Switching or complimentary client service layer to work with existing photonic layer
37
OPTICAL ROUTERS MEMS BASED
Free space optics with 1, 2 or 3 Dimension

Based on optical adjustable Mirrors
38
OPTICAL ATTENUATORS
Fixed and variable attenuators

Static or Electronic
External or internal attenuators
Inside the cards
Fused within the optical path
OPTICAL SPLITTERS AND COUPLERS
Different kinds of optical power splitters and couplers

Equal power splitter and couplers
Un-equal power splitter and couplers
Optical Channel Interleaver

The interleavers is designed to be used in combination with the
Add/drop filters
The optical interleavers combines and demuxes the odd and even
sets of signals into a single group e.g 88-channel group of signals
with 50GHz spacing.
The interleaver is a passive module
CONNECTORS AND SPLICES

The Connector is a mechanical device mounted on the end of a fiber optic cable, light source, Receiver or housing
Connectors introduce fiber loss
There are many different connector types
FC/PC - Used for single-mode fiber optic cable
SC - Used primarily with single-mode fiber optic cables
LC - High-density connections, SFP transceivers
ST - A keyed bayonet type similar to a BNC connector
Common Splicing method is arc fusion splicing which melts the fiber ends together with an electric arc
Lower Loss
Higher reliability
AGENDA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

43
OPTICAL TRANSPONDERS (OT)

An Optical Transponder is a device (card) that receives a
signal and retransmitted it optically on a different
frequency, format and modulation
Most Optical transponder perform signal conversion for
optical Electrical Optical conversion Optical transponders
consist of two main ports:
Client port (s): is the side that faces the subtending
equipment. The client port receives and transmits
the signal (mainly optical but could be electrical)
on a certain frequency with defined transmission
protocol
Network Port: Mostly facing the DWDM network. The
network side transmit and receive the optical
signal on a certain DWDM frequency with standard or proprietary
protocol and modulation
OTU4 line module

PDM-QPSK Tx
SERDES/
Precoder
LC
LC
MSA
CFP
Signal
Processing
Driver Modulator
WT encoder
ADC/DSP
DEMUX
Hybrid
DEMUX
LO Coherent Rx
44
OPTICAL TRANSPONDERS CLIENT SIDE

Pluggable or fixed
Support of wide range of protocols and rates
Optical transponders support standard protocols
SONET, SDH , LAN, WAN, Fiber channel and standards such as G.709 .. etc
Optical client rates ranges from 155 Mb/s up to100Gb/s
Client side support multiple transmission ranges
short reach few meters (850 nm) and up to few kilometers (1310 nm)
higher rates 20,40,80 and up to 120 km (1550nm , CWDM and DWDM)
Since most of the subtending equipment are co-located with the DWDM system, the most common
client interfaces are the short reach 1310 nm and 850 nm
Transparent wavelength services support
45
NETWORK INTERFACE
Pluggable or fixed
Standard and proprietary protocols
Digital Wrapper G.709
Support for Forward Error Correction, standard and enhanced
Fixed or Tunable wavelength
Support for performance monitoring
Different transmitters modulation schemes to serve different applications, transmission rate and reach
On-Off- Keying (OOK): the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation
Differential phase shift keying (DPSK), a common form of phase modulation conveys data by changing
the phase of carrier wave
Polarization Division- Multiplexed Quadernary - Phase-Shift-keying (PDM-QPSK)
DP-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16 QAM)
46
NETWORK INTERFACE
Receiver Side:
Direct Detect receiver:
Simple, and receiver detection covers the DWDM ITU grid

Only measures the amplitude of the optical signal
Depend on signal filtration to detect a unique frequency
Widely deployed
Cost effective
DPSK Receiver has a delay component to separate the two phases and two detect diodes
Coherent receivers:
The Digital Coherent receiver system is capable off offering high accuracy and wide range of waveform distortion
beyond the limits of optical compensation
Coherent detection can detect amplitude, phase, and polarization of the optical signal
47
WHAT IS ITU-T G.709

G.709 Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network (OTN)" describes a means of communicating
data over an optical network
It is a standardized method for transparent transport of services over optical wavelengths in
DWDM systems and also known as Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) standard.
Concepts borrowed from SONET/SDH
Layered structure
In-service performance monitoring
Protection
Other management function
Added functionality
Management of optical channels in the optical domain
Forward error correction (FEC) to improve error performance and enable longer optical spans
Provides standardize method for managing optical wavelengths channels) end to end
48
G.709 CONTINUED
Three distinct parts
Overhead area for operation, administration and maintenance function
Pay load area for customer data
Forward error control (FEC) block
OCH Overhead
OCH Payload
FEC Data
Optical Channel Frame Structure
49
G.709 AND OTN HIERARCHY

Optical
The OTN interfaces operate at line rates,

roughly 7% higher, than the corresponding
SONET/SDH that becomes the OTN payload
Four line Rates is defined
G.709
Interface
ODU
OCH
OTU
Electrical
ODU/ODU
flex
OPU
OTN Hierarchy
Line Rate
(OTU) Gb/s
ODU-0
Payload
(OPU)
Gb
1.238
OUT-1
ODU-1
2.666
2.488
OUT-2
ODU-2
10.709
9.953
OUT-3
ODU-3
43.018
39,813
OUT-4
ODU-4
111.809
104,794
50

EFFICIENT TRANSPORT OF ETHERNET

ITU-T defined OTN standards to support Ethernet packet clients including:
Aligning OTN payload rates to cover all Ethernet rates between 1G-100G
Creating flexible-sized optical containers (ODUflex) to match the optical
bandwidth to the client demand
Defining adaptation methods for packet client transparency
51
OPTICAL MUXPONDER (MULTIPLEXED TRANSPONDER)

A Muxponder is a networking device that multiplexes Multiple client signals to a single higher
rate signal
It essentially performs some relatively simple time division multiplexing of lower rate signals
into a higher rate carrier within the system
Current Muxpodners supports clients of multiple rates and protocols
SONET/SDH, GE, Fast Ethernet, Fiber Channels, Video and OTN interfaces
Muxponders provide lower cost networking

Muxponder line rate ranges from <2.5G, 10G, 40G and 100G
All current Muxponders have pluggable client sides
Line Rate
200G
Client 1
100G
Client 2
100G
52
WHAT IS REGENERATION IN AN OPTICAL NETWORKS

Regeneration is a procedure to convert the optical signal to electrical and then to optical again
Regeneration is needed when the optical signal quality deteriorate and will not be recovered
after the regeneration point
Basically when the signal Optical to Noise Ratio becomes to high that the actual data signal
becomes un-recognizable by the receiver
DWDM
53
DWDM
WHAT IS REGENERATION IN AN OPTICAL NETWORKS

Optical signal deterioration depends on the span
length, span loss, reach, fiber quality,
transponders quality, amplifiers ... etc.
Regeneration performs three functions:
Re-amplify
Re-shape
Re-time
Other reason for regeneration is changing the DWDM frequency

In some optical mesh networks, more than one channel with same ITU
need to share the same span. This is not possible and one of them must
change its ITU
Regeneration can be done by connecting back to back transponders or
unidirectional using the receive and transmit ports
Regeneration add higher cost and complexity to the network
54
SERVICES (UNI VS BI-DIRECTIONAL)

Bi-direction Service: Requires transmitter and receiver on the source and destination.
Most services are bi-directional. Example is voice, internet data ... etc
Uni-Directional Service: require transmitter on the source side and receiver on the
destination side
Distributed video and video on demand are an example of Uni-directional services
A bi-directional transponder can act as two uni-directional transponder

Note that uni and bi-directional services are different
than the uni and bi-directional optical systems
55
PLUGGABLE INTERFACES
Small form-factor pluggable (SFP/SFP+/XFP/CFPx): is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver
used as a pluggable in a client or network side device. The device can be an optical
transponder, switch or router.
The pluggable transceiver is specified by a (MSA) between manufacturers
SFP transmission rates ranges from 100M up to 2.7 G
SFP supports different protocol
Current version supports multi protocol and rates on the same SFP
56
PLUGGABLE INTERFACES
XFP - 10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable device is a hot-swappable protocolindependent , typically operating at 850nm, 1310nm, 1550nm, CWDM, fixed and tunable
DWDM
Handle color distinguishes the XFP type , e,g green is for tunable
The physical dimensions of the XFP are slightly larger than the standard SFP. One of the
reasons for the increase in size is to allow for on board heat sinks for greater cooling
CPF: Small Form Factor pluggable device supporting 40 or 100G rates and protocols
Currently there are different client transmission protocols such as SR10, LR4
Client ports using SFPs, XFPs or CFPs provide maximum

service flexibility reach, and lowest cost.
57
AGENDA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

58
OPTICAL POWER
Optical power simply is the brightness (or intensity) of light.
As light travels through network and fiber, some energy is lost. This loss of intensity is called
attenuation
Typically optical power is measured in Decibels
A decibel (dB) is a logarithmic-scale unit expressing the relationship between two values
The decibel is a dimensionless-unit, meaning it does not express an actual physical
measurement on its own.
A decibel itself is simply a ratio between values
0 dB is no change, +3 dB is double, -3 dB is half, etc
59
OPTICAL POWER
To express an absolute value of optical power (i.e. an actual light level), it must be compared
to a known reference value
In optical networking, this is typically the dBm. That is, a decibel relative to 1 milli watt (mW)
of power.
0 dBm is 1 mW, 3 dBm is 2 mW, -3 dBm is 0.5mW, etc.
Confusion between dB and dBm is one of the most common mistakes when working with optical
networks!
dBm = 10Log (x/1 milli Watt)

X is the measured power in
watts
60
OPTICAL SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO

Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), is the ratio of power in the signal to the noise that is with
the signal.
Better OSNR is indicated by high numbers
80 km
P
Amplifier
P
Signal Attenuation
Signal / Noise Ratio
61
OPTICAL DISPERSION
Dispersion is the spread out of the signal

In optical networking, this results in signal degradation.
There are two main types of dispersion to deal with:
Chromatic Dispersion
Different frequencies of light propagate through a non-vacuum at slightly different speeds.

Polarization Mode Dispersion
Caused by imperfection in shape of the fiber (not perfectly round).
One polarization of light propagates faster than the other. Older fiber is particularly affected,
may get worse with age.
62
SIGNAL BANDWIDTH
The figure indicates the amount of bandwidth normally consumed by the optical signal
63
SIGNAL MODULATIONS AND CODING

Coding Types
Non-Return to Zero
The electrical signals that carry different kinds

of information are encoded when converted to
optical signals for transmission, and decoded
at the optical receiver and then converted
back to an electrical signal. These types
include non-return to zero (NRZ) and return to
zero (RZ),
Non-return to zero (NRZ) is a method of

transmission where the signal does not return
to zero between bits . NRZ has the following
attributes:
A 1 represents light signal present for a
complete bit period.
A 0 is no light for a complete bit period.
NRZ is more tolerant to dispersion effects.
1
t
64


Return to Zero which is a method of transmission where the signal does return to zero
between bits. RZ has the following attributes.
A 1 results from the presence of light for one-half a bit period.
A 0 is no light for a complete bit period.
Less tolerant to dispersion, however, the effects of fiber loss are reduced.
The signal is self-clocking. This means that a separate clock does not need to be sent
alongside the signal, but suffers from using twice the bandwidth to achieve the same datarate as compared to non-return-to-zero format.
1
t
65


On-off keying (OOK) the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that
represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave.
In Optical transmission this means that the LASER light used for transmission is either on or
off
Commonly Used in 10G transmission
Since the phase of the laser does not carry any information, this transmission technique uses
a very simple direct detection technique, just coupling the light to a photo detector to
obtain the equivalent electrical bit stream.
66
OPTICAL MODULATION
The optical signal generated by a semiconductor laser has to be modulated to carry
information before being transmitted to the fiber
Internal modulation (direct) can be used by changing the bias laser current. This is a simple
concept and does not allow for higher bandwidth transmission (>10G)
Optical External Modulator: is a semi used to manipulate the light property common
external modulator is the Mach-Zehnder
Depending on which property of light is controlled, modulators are called intensity
modulators, phase modulators, polarization modulators, spatial light modulators, etc.
High Speed Electrical Driver
Input Signal
information
signal
Modulator
LASER Source
67
Delay
Output Signal
MODULATION SCHEMES
Bandwidth growth drove the technology
innovation to increase the spectral efficiency
Need to make 40/43G and 100G signals
behave like 10/10.7G signals or even better
At 40 Gbit/s and beyond this simple form of
modulation offers fair dispersion tolerance,
but poor noise tolerance and poor bandwidth
efficiency so it can not be used in DWDM
networks.
Advanced modulation formats, promise
somewhat higher values of spectral
efficiency
Many Modulation schemes have been

implemented depending on vendors designs.
Each has its positives and negatives features
Phase Shift Keying or Binary PSK
Phase Shaped Binary Transmission
Differential PSK
Differential Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
Polarization Division MultiplexingQuadrature Phase Shift Keying (PM-DPSK)
And others
68
POLARIZATION SCHEMES
Amplitude Modulation
OOK
Single Polarization Phase Modulation Single Polarization Phase Modulatio

DPSK
DQPSK
Dual Polarization Phase

Modulation
DP-BPSK
DP-QPSK
69
WHAT IS FLEX-GRID
New architecture to achieve better spectral efficiency , higher capacities and flexibility
Flex-Grid does not bound to the standard ITU Grid. IT complies to new ITU G.694.1
To build a flex-Grid network you mush have the optical line capable of supporting flex-grid and
the optical transponders
FlexGrid capable OTs would transmit wave-shaping compressed signals
A flex signal (carrier) is a single wavelength that can fit into 37.5GHz/50.0GHz/62.5GHz/
GRID.
50GHz
Traditional 50GHz Channels
100G
100G
100G
37.5 GHZ
100G
50 GHZ
37.5GHz
FlexGrid 37.5GHz Channels
Grid
Max Channel
Count
100 GHz
44
50 GHz
88
37.5 GHz
120
70

AGENDA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

71
OPTICAL TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS

An oscilloscope display of a digital signal. Representative of the impairments affecting the
signal.
As the signal is distorted, the original digital encoding can no longer be correctly interpreted
Transmitted (TX) Waveform
Received (RX) Waveform
72
SIGNAL ATTENUATION
Attenuation is the loss of optical power in the
system. Optical power loss is due to many
factors
Fiber propagation
Optical Filters
Optical Routers
Connectors
Power Measurements ports
Splitters / Combiners
OSC
Fiber patch panels
Splices
Dirt and contamination
Fiber bending
VOAs
Dispersion modules
Attenuation = 10Log (Output Power/Input Power)
73
LINEAR EFFECTS: DISPERSION COMPENSATION AND PENALTIES

A compensator is a device that has the opposite chromatic dispersion effect as the transmission fiber.
Various technologies are available that can compensate for all wavelengths in a band or for each wavelength
Fiber based DCM
Electronic Dispersion Compensation
others
Due to the distributed generation of the nonlinear effects along the fiber link, the chromatic dispersion does not
require only to be compensated, but also to be compensated in a distributed way along the link
Booster
In-line
Pre-compensation
In-line
In-line
In-line compensation
In-line
Preamplifier
Post-compensation
74
DISPERSION COMPENSATION
The dispersion can vary with the wavelength (dispersion slope):
Transmission Fibre
[nm]
Ch. 1
[ps/nm]
Wavelength
Accumulated
dispersion
Dispersion slope
[ps/nm]
Accumulated
dispersion
Residual dispersion
Wavelength
Ch. 80
[nm]
DCM
Some wavelength-dependent residual dispersion is due to the imperfect
matching between fibers and DCMs slope
75
FIBER TYPES CHROMATIC DISPERSION
SMF G.652
10
Alcatel TeraLight G.655

Corning E-LEAF G.655
5 Lucent TrueWave RS G.655
Corning LS G.655
1570
1565
1560
1555
1550
1545
1540
1535
Dispersion Shifted G.653

1530
Chromatic dispersion
[ps/nm/km]
15
POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION

PMD is a linear effect caused by asymmetrical properties and random impurties in the optical
fiber,
PMD can occur due to manufacturing, aging, stress,
PMD is a random phenomena
The level of system PMD that can be tolerated depends on data rate, distance and how much
system outage one is willing to tolerate
The PMD phenomenon is characterized by Differential Group Delay (DGD).
There are two ways to compensate for PMD, optically or electronically.
Special Optical transponders has high tolerance to PMD such as Coherent transponders
DGD is the difference in propagation time between the two polarization states, which are
the states of polarization with minimum and maximum propagation time for each wavelength
measured in PS/(KM)1/2
77
NONLINEAR OPTICAL THRESHOLD

The accumulated power is estimated in terms of integrated power:
integrated power
spans
channel power at input of span i
i 1
The nonlinear threshold depends on the fiber type and the channel spacing
Fiber nonlinearities limit the allowable launch power into a fiber.
78
NON LINEAR EFFECTS

Optical non-linear effects is Due to the fiber refractive index and inelastic-scattering
phenomenon
Optical nonlinearity is a concern typically at high optical power intensities and modulation
types
Dominating nonlinear effects in present DWDM system are XPM and FWM
Cross-phase modulation (XPM)
Change in phase of one light signal due to the affect the phase of another signal in a non-linear medium (fiber)
Self-phase modulation (SPM)

Phase of light signal undergoes nonlinear changes with time and distance in a medium (fiber)
Four-wave mixing (FWM)

Four-wave mixing is a nonlinear effect arising from a third-order optical nonlinearity, as is described with a (3)
coefficient.
79
NON LINEAR EFFECTS

High Optical power also causes another two types on non-linear effects
Scattering Effect, affecting the power of the signal
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)
Single-channel effect
Back-scattering of transmitted (Photons) power
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)

Multi-channel effect
Energy transfer from lower-wavelength to higher-wavelength channels
effect on light - It generates an extra tilt, which is taken into account in the link design
Optical network designers use sophisticated planning tools that includes these parameters
80
BIT ERROR RATE

Digital transmission system is not totally error-free statistical fluctuations related to noise
and other system influences cause a small fraction of the transmitted bits to be defective.
The bit error rate (BER) is a ratio of error bits to total transmitted bits
BER = number of errors / total number of bits sent
Typical values are 10-12 BER for SONET
The value 10-15 is one error bit in 1015 bits
Bit error rate, BER is a key parameter that is used in assessing systems that transmit digital
data from one location to another
81
FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION

Out of Band FEC OOB is the type used for DWDM systems. FEC bytes are added on top of the signal to be
carried
FEC help the receiver to recover bit errors using special algorithms
Extending the receiver performance which lead to better DWDM system performance and longer
distances reach
Typically implemented as a digital wrapper (G.709)
ITU G.709 specifies a Reed-Solomon (RS) 255,239 code which provides ~6 dB of coding gain (G-FEC)
Vendors have their proprietary FEC which add further gain to the system adding 2-3.5 dB of coding gain
With the latest HW and SD FEC technologies; the FEC is becoming so powerful that signal can be
recovered in the range of 10-3 to 10-2
HD FEC add >7 % overhead while SD FEC adds ~ 20% overhead. Example a 100G payload signal with
frame overhead, HD and SD FEC overhead result in 130Gb/s transmission rate
82
AGENDA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

83
POINT TO POINT (LINEAR LINKS)

Simplest WDM networks
Could be amplified or unamplified depending
on the distances and loss
low cost links
Traffic may terminate in source and
destination or could have some pass thru
traffic
Nodes can be fixed OADM or one direction
ROADM
OSC are optional
OPTICAL RINGS
Rings are more complex to design
specially any to any connectivity
Provide protection paths in case of fiber
cuts or node failure
Could be mix of ROADM and FOADM
ROADM
Amp
Fixed OADM node has to provide thru path
Inter-connecting rings require back to

back connection
Simple wavelength planning
Optical Ring
Optical Ring
FOADM
Back to back connections
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION

Legacy deployment are based on Ring topology or non-DWDM
Multi layers (stacked) with different traffic applications
Mesh traffic within the ring (any to any)
Inter ring traffic is re-generated by the optical layer
86
ROADM MESH APPLICATIONS 6 DEGREE EXAMPLE

AMP IN
THRU
WSS D1
WDM IN
EP
AMP OUT
(Optional)
WSS D2
Add/Drop
EP
Filters
AMP OUT
(Optional)
Add/Drop
AMP IN
AMP OUT
(Optional)
WSS D6
WSS D5
EP
Add/Drop
AMP IN
WDM IN
EP
EP
EP
Add/Drop
WSS D3
AMP OUT
(Optional)
WDM IN
Filters
AMP IN
WDM IN
AMP OUT
(Optional)
Add/Drop
AMP IN
AMP OUT
(Optional)
Add/Drop
WDM IN
WSS D4
THRU
WDM IN
AMP IN
87

COLORLESS-DIRECTIONLESS-CONTENTIONLESS ARCHITECTURE
In this architecture
Any transponder signal can be tuned to any color
and can be directed to any direction
No static filters, combiners / splitters are used
The ROADM (WSS) is configured per 12.5GHZ
steps
DEGREE 1
ROADM
2xWSS
DEGREE 2
2xWSS
Customized
channel
spacing
and width
P
4 3 3 2 1 1
XPR XPR XPR XPR XPR XPR
COLORLESS
COLORLESS
Transponders
Transponders fibered
fibered to
to any
any
port
on
combiner
device
port on combiner device
DIRECTIONLESS
DIRECTIONLESS
Wavelengths
Wavelengths can
can be
be directed
directed
to
to any
any degree
degree or
or
automatically
automatically re-directed
re-directed for
for
protection
and
restoration
protection and restoration
FLEX
FLEX GRID
GRID
Waves
can
have
Waves can have custom
custom width
width
(super-channels)
(super-channels)
CONTENTIONLESS
CONTENTIONLESS
Multiple
Multiple instances
instances of
of same
same on
on
same
same combiner
combiner Device
Device
88
BI-DIRECTIONAL LINE TRANSMISSION

Full duplex links provide a data connection
in both directions.
However, the need for bidirectional
operation introduces various tradeoffs
Some applications require bi-directional
transmission over a single fiber
Two method of implementing Bi-directional
transmission
wavelength mux/demux filtering
89
BI-DIRECTIONAL LINE TRANSMISSION

Spectrum splitting can be realized e.g. by using fiber-optic spectrum splitters at each end to connect a
transmitter and a receiver
Mux
1529.30-1542.39 nm
T
R
A
N
S
P
O
N
D
E
R
TX
1547.46-1560.86 nm
RX
De-Mux
90
AGENDA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

91
LINK DESIGNS
Summarizing, the aim of the design is to:

1. Stay into the limits imposed by OSNR (includes all penalties), sensitivity and overload
2. Respect the launched power limits
3. Stay into the limits imposed by chromatic dispersion for non coherent systems
4. Correctly distribute the dispersion compensation along the link
The design has to comply with the dispersion mapping rules
5. To stay into the limits imposed by PMD. Coherent systems have much better tolerance to PMD
Average PMD of the link must be checked
6. Coherent designs does not require dispersion planning and have much higher tolerance to PMD
92
LINK BUDGETS EXAMPLE

40Km
3
0
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
-22
Transmit Power
Budget=TXRX
=3dBm(-18dBm)
=21dB
Receive Power
MINRECEIVETHRESHOLD
WDMMux
5dB
Min Receive Power

WDM
Demux
3dB
ConstantLossFiber
(0.25dB/Km)
10dBTotal
MaxBudget=TXRXmin
=3dBm(-22dBm)
=25dB
E n d O f L i f e Val u e s H a v e To B e C o n s i d e r e d W h e n D e s i g n i n g O p t i c a l N e t w o r k s
93
U-LONG HAUL, REGIONAL AND METRO NETWORKS

Long haul networks
channels has higher fill
mainly point to point connectivity
longer spans
Few LH routes
majority lease fibers and sites
Different Fiber types (TW, LEAF, SMF )
Higher rate is more cost effective (>100G)

Converged applications
Metro Regional Networks
Converged applications
Mainly mesh or ring with higher interconnectivity
Spans vary in length
Includes lower rate (10G, 100G , 200G)
SMF fiber type is very common
Mostly owned by the carriers
94
PLANNING TOOLS
Software simulation tools to design, optimized cost effective optical networks based on
physical topologies and traffic demand Manages the lifecycle of network design
Feature of Network Planning & Engineering Tool
Automated Creation, edition and visualization network designs
Ring, Mesh, and Pt-Pt
Flexible system capacities
Phase approach for future growth and

changes
Capacity Planning
Physical growth
Automated design and rules validation
95
PLANNING TOOLS
Per optical light-path summaries
Shelf Inventory and fiber connectivity

Network and node logical topology diagrams
Complete Bill of Material
Node provisioning data
Sub- Networking
Import/export to Network Management

For optical switches (OTN) tools support
Networking
sub lambda switching and grooming to achieve channel
fill
channel Recolor
GMPLS for protection and restoration
96
OTN
Real and virtual demands
SYSTEM COMISSIOING
The purpose of automated commissioning and power management is to:
Simplify the commissioning process since network is becoming more and more complex
Ensure that network design is in-line with planning stage design to avoid re-plan or re-engineer the
network.
The general process of guaranteeing this performance consists of:
Defining the network elements, distances, and span losses, and planning the network
Installing the network.
Commissioning the network with the support of automated tools
In-service adjustment - these are real-time power balancing control loops that run continuously after network
commissioning is successfully completed
97
CIRCUIT PROVISION
Minimize number of steps to provision a service
Planning Tool pre-provisioning circuit validation
Protection and restoration schemes validation
Unique service per service identity
DWDM Color collision
Point and Click
Prosvionsing.
A
98

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ESSENTIALS OF DWDM

COPYRIGHT 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

This Tutorial Contains the Following Sections:

1. Introduction to Optics and WDM

What we call light is actually just the

. A tunable laser is a device which the output wavelength can be

OPTICAL FIBERS AND FIBER CABLES

THE ADVANTAGES OF USING FIBER OPTICS

THE ADVANTAGES OF USING FIBER OPTICS

COMMON FIBER TYPES

Graded Index Multi Mode fiber

Multi Mode fiber

There are two common classes for fiber

MOST COMMON SMF FIBER TYPES

Dispersion Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.653)

Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.655)

COPYRIGHT 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

DISCRETE TRANSPORT CHANNELS REPRESENTATION

DWDM SYSTEM EXAMPLE

DWDM SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS

SOME COMMON DWDM TERMINOLOGY

Time Division Multiplexing

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

OPTICAL TRANSMISSION GRID

COARSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CWDM) ITU

CWDM ITU Channels (Central

The complete CWDM grid is shown in Table

Due to high attenuation in the 1271-1451 nm band in the

Introduction to Optics and WDM

BUILDING BLOCKS OF DWDM SYSTEMS

Shelve and Common Equipment

DWDM COMMON EQUIPMENT

OPTICAL ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXERS

ARRAYED WAVEGUIDES FILTERS (AWG)

COPYRIGHT 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

THIN FILM OPTICAL FILTERS

The first TFF section passes wavelength 1 and reflects all

Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs)

SAMPLE EDFA GAIN CURVE

EDFA AMPLIFIER CARDS

Optical Supervisory Channel

16-32 dB flat gain,

6-24 dB flat gain,

15-31 dB flat gain,

7-24 dB flat gain,

OPTICAL SERVICE CHANNEL

EXAMPLE OF EDFA AND RAMAN AMPLIFIERS CONFIGURATIONS

Optical signals flow

RAMAN Pump Flow

DISPERSION COMPENSATION MODULES

Per direction Modules

OPTICAL ROUTERS MEMS BASED

Free space optics with 1, 2 or 3 Dimension

Fixed and variable attenuators

OPTICAL SPLITTERS AND COUPLERS

Different kinds of optical power splitters and couplers

Optical Channel Interleaver

CONNECTORS AND SPLICES

Introduction to Optics and WDM

OPTICAL TRANSPONDERS (OT)

OTU4 line module

OPTICAL TRANSPONDERS CLIENT SIDE