Housing: How To Provide Homes For All? 1

Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?
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A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement

characterized by substandard housing and squalor. While
slums differ in size and other characteristics from country
to country, most lack reliable sanitation services, supply
of clean water, reliable electricity, timely law enforcement
and other basic services.
Squatter settlements are any collection of buildings

where the people have no legal rights to the land they
are built upon. The people are living there illegally and do
not own the land. They provide housing for many of the
world's poorest people and offer basic shelter.
Contents: Housing
1. What is housing shortage?
Housing shortage
Lack of safe shelter
Insufficient basic services
15
Contents: Housing
2. Which cities in the world experience housing shortage?
Why does housing shortage occur?
1.
Location of cities that experience housing shortage
2.
Rapid population growth
3.
Migration
4.
High birth rates
5.
Competing land use
6.
Limited land supply
16 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?
Contents: Housing
3. What are the consequences of housing shortage in cities?
Homelessness
Slums and squatter settlements

Environmental
Low
pollution
level of health due to poor living conditions
Vulnerability
Contents: Housing
4. What are some strategies used by cities to manage housing shortage and
build inclusive homes?
Strategies to manage housing shortage

Slum
upgrading
Provision
of public housing
Inclusive housing
Affordable
Facilities
Strong
housing
and amenities for all ages
sense of place and belonging

What is housing shortage?
Housing is a problem faced by many cities in the world as a
result of rapid population growth. Housing shortage brings
about negative impacts on the 1. environment & 2. people.

Therefore there is a need to manage the shortage through
strategies as each city is unique and different strategies

are required to provide safe and inclusive housing.
Housing shortage
Housing shortage is a situation

where housing is unaffordable
for those who need it
The presence of homeless people

and slums and squatter
settlements indicates housing
shortage
Housing shortage

are urban areas which are heavily
populated, and the residents have
poor quality housing and poor
access to basic services.
Housing shortage
Slum and squatter settlements
have a few characteristics
May have developed without
permission
Often neglected and do not
receive adequate provision of
basic services
Residents often face threat of
eviction
People in housing shortage
situations suffer from lack of safe
shelter and insufficient basic
services
Barong-barongs in Manila, Philippines. Slums and squatter

settlements are also known as shanty towns, or by their local
names, like barong-barong in the Philippines, and favela in
Brazil.
Housing shortage
Walls and roofs of

houses tend to be
made of poor quality
materials like zinc and
cardboard. Most of
these materials are
flammable and there is
an increased risk of
fires.
Weak foundations and

unstable walls of
houses mean that they
are likely to collapse
easily during natural
disasters, such as
floods and
earthquakes.
Housing shortage
People who live in slums and

squatter settlements face many
problems
Houses often built on
unsuitable sites such as lowlying areas or steep slopes are
prone to floods and landslides
Houses built in a dense and
disorderly manner are difficult
to evacuate during emergencies
They are not protected against
natural elements
Favela Chapu Mangueira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Housing shortage
People in a housing shortage situation often lack access to basic
services
Electricity
Clean water
Proper sanitation and waste disposal
This is often due to a lack of infrastructure
Power lines
Water pipes
Toilets and waste management facilities
Housing shortage
Example: Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil
Residents illegally tap the citys
electricity supply to get access to
electricity
Housing shortage
Example: Kibera slum, Nairobi, Kenya

Inconsistent access to water
Lack of proper sanitation and waste disposal
Comments from Kennedy, a

student volunteer who has lived
in Kibera for 12 years
Source: IRIN (2006)

Which cities in the world experience housing shortage?
Which cities in the world experience housing

shortage?
Beijing, China
Cairo, Egypt
Los Angeles,
USA
Mumbai, India
Kigali, Rwanda

shortage?
Extent of housing shortage is severe in cities of less developed
countries with large populations
Example: 62% of residents in the city of Mumbai, India, are said to
live in a slum
Extent of homelessness varies between cities in a country
Example: Different cities in the USA

shortage?
The location of slums
have a number of
similarities
At the edge of cities
Adjacent to industrial
areas or near the city
centre
Along major transport
routes
Example: The location
of some major slums in
Nairobi, Kenya
A map showing the slums of Kibera, Mathare and Mukuru in Nairobi, Kenya.
Reasons for housing shortage

Migration
High birth rates
Competing land use
Limited land supply

will lead to an increased
demand for housing,
which can in turn lead
to housing shortage
Overall world population
(represented by the
beige bars) is increasing
The urban population of
the world (represented
by the blue line) is on
the rise
Urbanisation: The increase in the proportion of the worlds population

living in cities
Migration
Migration refers to the movement

of people from one area to another
to take up residence for at least a
year.
Migration
Rural-urban migration refers to

the movement of people from rural
areas into cities to live and work.
Migration
People migrate due to push or pull factors

Push factors: The undesirable qualities of the place they wish to
leave
Pull factors: The attractive qualities of the place they would like to
move to
The decision to migrate is often due to a combination of both factors
Migration
Migration
People in rural areas often migrate to cities for job opportunities in

search of a better life
Migrants do not always get jobs in cities
There are a limited number of jobs for migrants
Migrants may lack the skills required for jobs available in the cities
Migrants who cannot obtain a source of income cannot afford housing
Cities cannot build enough houses for huge numbers of migrants
quickly enough, causing them to settle in slums
High birth rates
Birth rate refers to the number of

live births for every 1,000 people
in a year.
High birth rates
High birth rates and declining death rates result in high rates of
natural increase
Natural increase: The difference between birth rate and death rate
in a year
Birth rates in cities may be high
Cities tend to have a large proportion of people in their 20s and 30s
who are likely to start families
The increase in population may thus lead to housing shortage
Competing land use
Land has many uses

Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Recreational
Land dedicated for one use will not be available for another
Example: If a piece of land is occupied by a huge industrial park,
that plot of land will not be available for housing development.
Stiff competition for land can result in insufficient land for housing
Limited land supply
Cities have limited land supply

Physical features limit the
amount of land that can be used
to build housing
Seas, rivers, mountains
Relief map of Hong Kong

Steep slopes and hilly terrain in Hong Kong
Limited land supply
The amount of flat land is limited

Steep slopes are not ideal for housing development
Cost of construction tends to be high
Landslides can cause damage to buildings
Cities with very small land areas may have insufficient land for housing
There is a limit to how much land can be reclaimed from the seas
Cities with high population densities need to house more people in a
small area
Large population size vs limited land areas

What are the consequences of housing shortage in cities?
What are the consequences of housing shortage in

cities?
Homelessness
Environmental pollution
Low level of health due to poor living conditions
Vulnerability
Homelessness
Homelessness is a lack of shelter

in which to sleep and to carry out
basic activities such as bathing.
Homelessness
Homeless people may find themselves in a cycle, moving back and

forth between the streets and shelters for the homeless
Homeless people suffer from poor health because of exposure to the
cold or rain, hunger and lack of sleep
Skin infections
Respiratory problems
Stress disorders
Other illnesses
People living in slums and squatter settlements suffer negative

consequences due to their poor living environments
Vulnerability

Pollution is the introduction of

substances into the natural
environment that results in
unpleasant or damaging effects to
the environment and human health.

Environmental pollution is caused by inadequate provision of basic

services
Water pollution
Rivers near slum areas may become badly polluted because they
are used for washing, garbage and sewage disposal
Contaminants from sewage may seep into groundwater and
pollute nearby water sources such as wells
Land pollution
Lack of proper garbage disposal system may lead to dumping of
garbage into open drains and areas outside the houses
Example: Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is polluted as a
result of the dumping of untreated sewage from nearby slums

Lack of basic services makes people more vulnerable to diseases
Lack of access to safe drinking water may cause people to use water from
polluted rivers and contaminated wells
Using unsafe drinking water may lead to diseases like cholera and
dysentery
Lack of waste management facilities results in the improper disposal of
rubbish
Results in clogged drains and sewers
Produces breeding ground for mosquitoes
Overcrowded conditions lead to spread of diseases

A garbage-filled body of water next to a slum in Delhi, India

Vulnerability
People living in slums and squatter settlements are vulnerable to the

risk of fire, landslides and evictions

What are some strategies used by cities to manage
housing shortage and build inclusive homes?
There are different strategies to manage housing shortage because

each city is unique and different strategies are required
Strategies may require the partnership of stakeholders
Governments
Non-governmental organisations
Private companies
Residents
Strategies include:
Slum upgrading
Provision of public housing

Slum upgrading
Slum upgrading involves improving conditions in slum areas

Improving the quality of housing
Improving basic services such as water, electricity and sewerage
Slum upgrading is carried out in many ways

Clearing sites and providing basic infrastructure to the slum areas
Getting residents to move out of the slums and relocate temporarily so that basic
infrastructure can be built in the slum areas
Providing financial assistance to fund these upgrading projects

Slum upgrading
Self-help schemes involve the

participation of low-income
households to improve the
conditions of existing housing.

Slum upgrading
Governments do not provide housing directly, but provide assistance

in the form of construction materials or basic services
Residents build the houses themselves to reduce construction costs
Residents continue to stay in the houses while working on improving

the houses at a pace feasible for them (e.g. during their free time)
Training often needs to be provided to equip residents with the skills

to build their houses

Slum upgrading
Example: Rocinha Project in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Most of the wooden houses have been replaced with concrete

houses
Proportion of houses with electricity has grown from 30% to 75%
Services such as rooftop water tanks and piped water systems were
added to the houses
Proper sanitation facilities such as toilets and sewers were also built

Slum upgrading
Example: Slum upgrading effort

in Nairobi, Kenya (partnership
between the government of
Kenya and UN-HABITAT)
New flats built for Kibera residents under the

initiative of the Kenya slum upgrading programme
Photo: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)

Slum upgrading

Public housing refers to government

efforts to provide housing units with
basic services, usually for low-income
households and other persons of need
such as the elderly and disabled.

Characteristics of public housing:

Public housing may be offered in the following ways:

Old flats that can be rented at a low price
Abandoned buildings that are converted for residential use
New apartments that are built

Example: Provision of public housing in Singapore

In the 1960s and 1970s, slums and squatter settlements in
Singapore were cleared to provide higher quality housing to
residents
The Housing Development Board (HDB) was set up in 1960 to build
and provide public housing for Singapores increasing population
Singapores public housing programmes were a success
The public housing programmes have evolved to address the
diverse needs of all residents

In 2013, more than 80% of Singapores population lived in HDB flats
Percentage of Singapores population living in HDB flats

Source: HDB Annual Report (2013)

Example: My House, My Programme in Brazil
Provides affordable housing for low- and middle-income groups

Reduces slum areas
Many housing projects are undertaken across the country
Monitoring and evaluating all the projects is challenging because

Brazil is a large country
There are many local issues and needs of different households to be
managed

Example: Bairro Carioca Project in Rio de Janeiro
2,240 apartments to house 10,000 people

Government partnered with the private sector
Companies hired to build the basic infrastructure of roads,
sewerage and water, and also to design and build the housing units
Inclusive housing
Characteristics of inclusive city:
Provides all residents with adequate housing

Provides all residents with access to all basic services such as
transportation and recreation
All residents, regardless of income level or age, feel a sense of
belonging and actively contribute to the community
Singapore hopes to become an inclusive city by providing inclusive

housing
Inclusive housing
Characteristics of inclusive housing:
Inclusive housing
Affordable housing
Affordable housing is housing that is priced at a reasonable cost,
such that residents still have enough money for other basic needs
Variety of housing types in Singapore cater to different income
groups:
Condominiums
Public housing
Private houses
Inclusive housing
Affordable housing
Different types of public housing meet the different needs of

residents:
Studio apartments (to cater to seniors)
Three-room flats (to cater to the needs of small families)
Financial schemes are available to subsidise the cost of flats

Example: Additional CPF Housing Grant (AHG)
Introduced in 2006 to help low-income families buy their first flat
Families earning not more than S$5,000 a month can qualify for a
grant of up to S$40,000 which is used to pay for the flat
Inclusive housing
Affordable housing
Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP) promotes racial integration/harmony

Specifies an ethnic quota for each block and public housing estate
Neighbourhood to include people of different races
Allows you to interact with people from diverse backgrounds
Inclusive housing
Facilities and amenities for all ages
Inclusive housing means
having facilities and
amenities for all ages
Some common facilities
and amenities found in
neighbourhoods:
Retail shops
Clinics
Parks
3-Generation (3G) facilities
cater to the needs of
multi-generational families
These 3G facilities in Tiong Bahru comprise a playground, an adult

fitness corner and wellness stations for seniors.
Inclusive housing
Facilities and amenities for all ages
Facilities and amenities should

also cater to seniors
Example: Corridors need to be
at least 1.5m wide to facilitate
access for people using mobility
aids like wheelchairs
Example: Seniors Activity
Centres (SAC) are set up near
or below HDB rental and studio
apartment blocks
A Seniors Activity Centre in Geylang Bahru. Seniors staying

nearby are encouraged to spend time at the centres as
they can interact and exercise with others.
Inclusive housing
Strong sense of place and belonging
A sense of place refers to the

meaning and value people attach
to a place as a result of their
experiences or the unique
characteristics of a place.
Inclusive housing
People may regard places with
special meaning and remember
these places fondly due to their
experience or time there
Pleasant experiences in a place
make people more likely to
develop a sense of place and
belonging
Example: Dragon Slide
playground
The Dragon Slide playground in Toa Payoh
Inclusive housing
Distinctive landmarks and physical
features allow people to recognise the
place easily
It also helps evoke a sense of place and
belonging for the residents
Example: Rounded balconies in Tiong
Bahru
Buildings with rounded balconies in Tiong

Bahru
Summary
Housing is an important basic need which impacts ones quality of life

With the rise in urban population, cities face problems in providing
sufficient housing for all
The nature and extent of housing shortage varies between cities
Cities have adopted different strategies to manage the issue of
housing shortage
Singapore should continue to provide inclusive housing that can cater
to the changing needs of its population
Thank you

Housing: How To Provide Homes For All? 1

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