Objectives • Explain the function of protocols in a network • Describe common protocol suites
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2 LMTSOM Protocols • Strictly speaking, protocols are the rules and procedures for communicating – For two computers to communicate, they must speak the same language and agree on the rules of communication
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3 LMTSOM The Function of Protocols • As protocols serve their functions in the OSI model, they might work at one or many layers • When a set of protocols works cooperatively, it’s called a protocol stack or protocol suite – The most common protocol stack is TCP/IP, the Internet protocol suite – IPX/SPX, used in older versions of Novell NetWare, is disappearing as companies upgrade to newer versions of NetWare – Levels of a protocol stack map to their functions in the OSI model AMIT Kr. BHARDWAJ, 4 LMTSOM Connectionless Versus Connection-Oriented Protocols • Protocols that use connectionless delivery place data on the network and assume it will get through – Connectionless protocols aren’t entirely reliable – Are fast: little overhead, don’t waste time establishing/managing/tearing down connections • Connection-oriented protocols are more reliable and, consequently, slower – Two computers establish a connection before data transfer begins • In a connection, data is sent in an orderly fashion – Ensures that all data is received and is accurate, or that suitable error messages are generated
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5 LMTSOM Routable Versus Nonroutable Protocols • The network layer (OSI) is responsible for moving data across multiple networks – Routers are responsible for routing process • Protocol suites that function at Network layer are routable or routed protocols; otherwise, they are called nonroutable – TCP/IP and IPX/SPX are routable protocols – An older and nearly obsolete protocol, NetBEUI, is a nonroutable protocol that works well in small networks, but its performance drops considerably as a network grows
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6 LMTSOM Protocols in a Layered Architecture
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7 LMTSOM Protocols in a Layered Architecture (continued)
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8 LMTSOM Network Protocols • Some popular network protocols include: – Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4 or simply IP) • Provides addressing and routing information – Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) • Novell’s protocol for packet routing and forwarding • Belongs to the IPX/SPX protocol suite • Serves many of the same functions as TCP/IP’s IP – Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) • A new version of IP that’s being implemented on many current networking devices and operating systems – Addresses some weaknesses of IPv4
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9 LMTSOM Transport Protocols • Transport protocols can be connection- oriented (reliable) or connectionless (best- effort) delivery – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • Responsible for reliable data delivery in TCP/IP – Sequential Packet Exchange (SPX) • Novell’s connection-oriented protocol used to guarantee data delivery – NetBIOS/NetBEUI • NetBIOS establishes/manages communications between computers and provides naming services • NetBEUI provides data transport services for these communications
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10 LMTSOM Application Protocols • Application protocols provide services to client applications – Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) in TCP/IP – File Transfer Protocol (FTP) in TCP/IP – Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) • Manages and monitors network devices (TCP/IP) – NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) • Novell’s client shells and redirectors – AppleTalk File Protocol (AFP) • Apple’s remote file-management protocol
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11 LMTSOM Common Protocol Suites • Because most protocols contain a combination of components, these components are usually bundled as a protocol suite – TCP/IP • Dominates the networking arena to the point of making most of the other suites nearly obsolete – IPX/SPX – NetBIOS/NetBEUI – AppleTalk
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12 LMTSOM Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
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13 LMTSOM TCP/IP Network Layer Protocols • Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is a Network layer protocol that provides source and destination addressing and routing for the TCP/IP suite – Connectionless protocol; fast but unreliable • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a Network layer protocol used to send error and control messages between systems or devices – The Ping utility uses ICMP to request a response from a remote host to verify availability • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) resolves logical (IP) addresses to physical (MAC) addresses
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14 LMTSOM IP, ICMP, and ARP in Action
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15 LMTSOM IP, ICMP, and ARP in Action (continued)
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16 LMTSOM TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocols • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the primary Internet transport protocol – Connection oriented using a three-way handshake – Message fragmentation and reassembly – Uses acknowledgements to ensure that all data was received and to provide flow control • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is connectionless – Generally faster, although less reliable, than TCP • Doesn’t segment data or resequence packets • Doesn’t use acknowledgements for reliability • Used by NFS and DNS
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17 LMTSOM TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols • Domain Name System (DNS) – Session layer name-to-address resolution protocol • Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) – To transfer Web pages from Web server to browser • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – For file transfer and directory and file manipulation • Telnet – Remote terminal emulation; operates at layers 7-5 • Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) – Operates at layers 7-5; provides messaging services
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18 LMTSOM IP Addressing • Logical addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) long – Each byte is represented as an octet (decimal number from 0 to 255) – Usually represented in dotted decimal notation • E.g., 172.24.208.192 – Address has two parts: network and host ID • E.g. 172.24.208.192 (172.24.0.0 and 208.192) – Categorized into ranges referred to as classes • Class system provides basis for determining which part of address is the network and which is the host ID • The first octet of an address denotes its class
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19 LMTSOM Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • Detailed configuration of devices, keeping track of assigned addresses and to which machine they were assigned, etc., is difficult in large networks – DHCP was developed to make this process easier – DHCP server must be configured with a block of available IP addresses and their subnet masks – Clients must be configured to use DHCP • Broadcast request message is sent on boot – Client leases the address the server assigns to it – If no answer is received, in an APIPA-enabled OS, the computer assigns itself an address (169.254.x.x)
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20 LMTSOM NetBIOS and NetBEUI
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21 LMTSOM IPX/SPX
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22 LMTSOM Summary • Many protocols are available for network communications, each with its strengths/weaknesses • The TCP/IP protocol suite dominates network communication in part due to its use on the Internet • IP addressing involves several concepts, including address classes, subnetting, and supernetting • IPv6 will eventually replace IPv4 because it offers several advantages: 128-bit address space, autoconfiguration, built-in security, and QoS AMIT Kr. BHARDWAJ, 23 LMTSOM