Physics-II

(Ph-1002)

WEEK # 1
The Nature & propagation of light
1. The nature of light
2. Reflection
3. Refraction
4. Total internal Reflection
5. Fiber optics
Book:
University Physics by Young & Freedman 13th Edition
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1. The Nature of Light

Visible Light which is visible to the
human eye and is responsible for the
sense of sight.

Brief History
In 1690 Huygens
proposed that light have
wave nature.

In 1704 Isaac Newton

said light is composed
of little particles or
corpuscles.
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 In 1801 Thomas Young

experimentally proved that
light is wave.
In 1815 A.J. Fresnel also
approved wave nature of
light.
In 1864 James Clark Maxwell
gave his electromagnetic
theory.
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 In 1886 Heinrich Hertz also

confirmed Electromagnetic Theory.

1900 Max Planck proposed that

electromagnetic radiation is
quantized.

In 1905 Einstein extended the

Quantum theory of Max Planck and
said light consist of quanta or
photons.

Dual Nature of Light

In 1924 Louis de Broglie predicted
that light have a dual nature, In
some situations it behaves like
wave, and in others like particles.

Each photon has energy

E=h
h (Plancks constant) = 6.63 x 10-34 J s,

Electromagnetic Waves
The electric and magnetic waves are
perpendicular to each other, and to the
direction of propagation

EM Spectrum

The Visible Spectrum

Wave Fronts & Rays

Wave fronts are parallel surfaces connecting

equivalent points on adjacent waves. While
rays show the direction of propagation.

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2. Reflection
At the interface between two mediums
Light returns back to the medium from
which it originated.
Example: The reflection of trees in
river.

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Types of Reflection
1. Specular Reflection
Reflection from a smooth
surface

2. Diffuse
Reflection
Reflection from a
rough surface

Example: Mirror

Example: A rough
path or road.

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3. Refraction
Change in direction of propagation of a
wave due to a change in its
transmission medium.
Example: Pencil appears to be bent in
water

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Refraction
If angle of incidence is greater
than angle of refraction, ray
bends toward the normal

If angle of incidence is
smaller than angle of
refraction, ray bends away
from the normal
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Index of Refraction
Speed of light in vacuum divided by
speed of light in any other medium
(e.g. water)
Index of refraction= n= c/v
N is a Unit less quantity
n is 1 for vacuum and air.
n is greater than 1 for any other
material.

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Laws of Reflection & Refraction

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4. Total Internal Reflection

A phenomenon that happens when a
propagating wave strikes a medium
boundary at an angle larger than a
particular critical angle with respect to the
normal to the surface.

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Example

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5. Fiber Optics
A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads
(fibers) to transmit data.
Afiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass
threads, each of which is capable of transmitting
messages modulated onto light waves.

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How it works?
n (refractive index) for glass is greater
than the surroundings (air e.g.)
If all angles exceed critical angle the light
is trapped inside the cable. (Total internal
reflection)

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What is Inside Optical

Fibers?
1. Core: 8 m diameter
2. Cladding: 125 m dia.
3. Buffer: 250 m dia
4. Jacket: 400 m dia.
Condition: ncore>nclad
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Parts of Optical Fiber

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Uses of Fiber Optics

Medical: Used as light guides, imaging tools
and also as lasers for surgeries

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Endoscope
Endoscope: an instrument used to
examine the interior of a hollow organ
or cavity of the body. Unlike most
other medical imaging devices,
endoscopes are inserted directly into
the organ.
Endoscopy: means looking inside
and typically refers to looking inside
the body for medical reasons.
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Types of Endoscopy

Amnioscopy - examination of the amniotic cavity and fetus.

Arthroscopy - examination of the joints.
Bronchoscopy - examination of the air passages and the lungs.
Colonoscopy - examination of the colon.
Colposcopy - examination of the cervix and the tissues of the vagina and
vulva.
Cystoscopy - examination of the urinary bladder.
EGD (Esophageal Gastroduodenoscopy), also known as panendoscopy examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography) examination of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas.
Fetoscopy - examination of the fetus.
Laparoscopy - a small incision to examine the abdominal cavity.
Laryngoscopy - examination of the back of throat, including voice box
(larynx) and vocal cords.
Proctoscopy - examination of the rectum and the end of the colon.
Rhinoscopy - examination of the inside of the nose.
Thoracoscopy - examination of the lungs or other structures in the chest
cavity.
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Thats all for today !

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