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Structures
Singapuri Harikrishna M.
ECED, SVNIT, Surat
In terms of Z transform,
M
H ( z)
k
b
z
k
k 0
N
1 ak z k
k 1
Complexity
Referred as The number of Arithmetic
Operations
Multiplications
Divisions
Additions
Memory Requirements
No. of Memory Locations Required to
store
System parameters
Past inputs
Past outputs
Intermediate values
y[n]
x[n]
y[n]
x[n]
w[n]
Multiplier
Adder
x[n]
z 1
Unit delay
x[n]
x[n]
y[n]
x[n]
Pick-off node
N
k 1 d k y[ n k ]
M
k 0 pk x[ n k ]
Where M is even, 2k = 0
H(z) has odd number of real roots
H ( z ) h[0](1 z
h[2]( z
) h[1]( z
5
z ) h[3]( z
z
3
Note:
The Type 1 linear-phase structure for
a length-7 FIR filter requires 4
multipliers, whereas a direct form
realization requires 7 multipliers
Lattice Structures
Used extensively in
Digital speech processing
Implementation of adaptive Filters
Am ( z ) 1 m (k ) z k ,
and A0(z)=1.
k 1
m 1
Lattice Structures
Lattice Structures
where
W
H1 ( z ) ( z )
H 2( z )
Y
(z)
Realization of H 2
( z)
follows from the
above equation
and is shown on
Direct form I
Direct form II
Direct FormII
Multiplication
M+N+1
M+N+1
Addition
M+N
M+N
Memory
Locations
M+N+1
Max {M,N}
Note:
Direct-Form II reduces the memory requirements but not
used in practical applications.
Cascade Structures
Consider Transfer Function :
(1 1k z 1 2 k z 2 )
H ( z ) p[0]
,
1
2
k (1 1k z 2 k z )
Cascade Realization
Parallel Structure
Making use of the partial-fraction
expansion of the transfer function:
H ( z)
k
Qk ( z )
Dk ( z )
Parallel Structure
Parallel Structure
Transposed Structure
Lattice-ladder structure
for the realization of a
pole-zero system
H ( z ) E0 ( z ) z E1( z )
or H ( z ) E0 ( z 3 ) z 1E1( z 3 ) z 2 E2 ( z 3 )
is more commonly known as the
polyphase decomposition
Em ( z )
( N 1) / L
n 0
h[ Ln m]z