Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Antarctica
Cryolophosaurus
Protobionts
Replication and metabolism are key properties of
life
Protobionts are aggregates of abiotically produced
molecules surrounded by a membrane or
membrane-like structure
Protobionts exhibit simple reproduction and
metabolism and maintain an internal chemical
environment
Percobaan-percobaan laboratorium
20 m
Glucose-phosphate
Glucose-phosphate
Phosphatase
Starch
Phosphate
Amylase
Maltose
Maltose
(b) Metabolisme sederhana
of life on earth
Catatan Fosil
Batuan Endapan adalah sumber fosil terkaya. Akibatnya,
Rhomaleosaurus victor,
a plesiosaur
Present
Cetakan
amonit
4.5 cm
Coccosteus cuspidatus
400 375
300 270
200 175
Dimetrodon
Hallucigenia
1 cm
565
2.5 cm
525 500
Dickinsonia
costata
Fossilized
stromatolite
3,500 1,500
600
Stromatolites
Tappania, a
unicellular
eukaryote
Hallucigenia
1 cm
565
4.5 cm
2.5 cm
525 500
Dickinsonia
costata
Fossilized
stromatolite
3,500 1,500
600
Stromatolites
Tappania, a
unicellular
eukaryote
4.5 cm
400 375
300 270
200 175
Dimetrodon
Coccosteus cuspidatus
Rhomaleosaurus victor,
a plesiosaur
Present
Casts of
ammonites
Dimetrodon
Casts of ammonites
4.5 cm
Coccosteus cuspidatus
1 cm
Hallucigenia
Dickinsonia costata
2.5 cm
Stromatolites
Fossilized stromatolite
/2
Sisa isotop
induk
1
/4
/8
3
2
Waktu (waktu-paruh)
/16
penentuan umur
Pengukuran magnetisme berbagai lapisan bebatuan
mengindikasikan bahwa kutub magnetik utara dan selatan
telah berganti-ganti posisi berulang kali di masa lalu.
tetrapods
The evolution of unique mammalian features
through gradual modifications can be traced
from ancestral synapsids through the present
Temporal
fenestra
Key
Articular
Quadrate
Dentary
Squamosal
Temporal
fenestra
Earlier cynodonts
Therapsids
Temporal
fenestra
Dimetrodon
Synapsids
EARLY
TETRAPODS
Mammals
Temporal
fenestra
Key
Articular
Quadrate
Dentary
Squamosal
Articular
Quadrate
Dentary
Squamosal
Key events in lifes history include the origins of singlecelled and multicelled organisms and the colonization
of land
The geologic record is divided into the
multiseluler
Fanerozoikum dibagi menjadi tiga era:
Paleozoikum, Mesozoikum, dan Kenozoikum
Batas utama antara divisi geologi sesuai
dengan peristiwa kepunahan dalam catatan
fosil
le
Pa
oic
z
o
oMesc
zoi
Cenozoic
Humans
Colonization
of land
Animals
Origin of solar
system and
Earth
1
Proterozoic
Bil
li
on
so
f
2
Archaean
go
a
s
ar 3
e
y
Multicellular
eukaryotes
Single-celled
eukaryotes
Atmospheric
oxygen
Prokaryotes
o
lli
Bi
ns
of
s
r
a
e
y 3
o
g
a
Prokaryotes
cahaya
Organisme diperbolehkan untuk mengeksploitasi ekosistem
baru
1
on
lli
Bi
s
of
s
r
a
e
y 3
4
o
g
a
Atmospheric
oxygen
o
lli
Bi
ns
Singlecelled
eukaryotes
of
s
r
a
e
y 3
o
g
a
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ancestral
prokaryote
DNA
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Aerobic
heterotrophic
prokaryote
Mitochondrion
Ancestral
heterotrophic
eukaryote
Photosynthetic
prokaryote
Mitochondrio
n
Plastid
Ancestral photosynthetic
eukaryote
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ancestral
prokaryote
DNA
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Aerobic
heterotrophic
prokaryote
Photosynthetic
prokaryote
Mitochondrion
Ancestral
heterotrophic
eukaryote
Mitochondrion
Plastid
Ancestral photosynthetic
eukaryote
functions
Division is similar in these organelles and some
prokaryotes
These organelles transcribe and translate their
own DNA
Their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic
Asal-usul Multiselularitas
Setelah eukariota pertama muncul, beraneka
o
lli
Bi
ns
Multicellular
eukaryotes
of
s
r
a
e
y 3
o
g
a
Animals
o
lli
Bi
ns
of
rs
a
ye 3
o
g
a
Early
Paleozoic
era
(Cambrian
period)
542
Late
Proterozoic
eon
Sponges
Arthropods
Molluscs
Annelids
Brachiopods
Chordates
Echinoderms
Cnidarians
500
150 m
200 m
Colonization of land
o
lli
Bi
ns
of
s
r
a
e
y 3
o
g
a
Continental Drift
At three points in time, the land masses of
North
American
Plate
Crust
Juan de Fuca
Plate
Mantle
Inner
core
(a) Irisan bumi
Caribbean
Plate
Philippine
Plate
Arabian
Plate
Cocos Plate
Pacific
Plate
Outer
core
Eurasian Plate
Nazca
Plate
South
American
Plate
Scotia Plate
Indian
Plate
African
Plate
Antarctic
Plate
Australian
Plate
Crust
Mantle
Outer
core
Inner
core
(a) Cutaway view of Earth
North
American
Plate
Juan de Fuca
Plate
Eurasian Plate
Caribbean
Plate
Philippine
Plate
Arabian
Plate
Indian
Plate
Cocos Plate
Pacific
Plate
Nazca
Plate
South
American
Plate
Scotia Plate
African
Plate
Antarctic
Plate
Australian
Plate
Cenozoic
Present
rt
No
65.5
m
hA
ica
er
Eurasia
Africa
India
South
America
Madagascar ralia
st
Au
135
251
Mesozoic
Laurasia
Paleozoic
Antarctica
Gon
dwa
n
a
ng
Pa
ea
Cenozoic
Present
65.5
ric
e
Am
h
rt
No
Eurasia
Africa
South
America
India
lia
tra
s
Au
Madagascar
Antarctica
251
Mesozoic
135
Paleozoic
Laurasia
Gon
dwa
na
P
a
ae
g
an
speciation
The current distribution of fossils reflects
the movement of continental drift
For example, the similarity of fossils in
parts of South America and Africa is
consistent with the idea that these
continents were formerly attached
Mass Extinctions
The fossil record shows that most species
800
700
600
15
500
400
10
300
200
100
0
0
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Era
E
C
Tr
C
O S
D
P
J
P N
Period
65.5
0
542 488 444 416 359
299 251 200 145
Time (millions of years ago)
Number of families:
20
NORTH
AMERICA
Yucatn
Peninsula
Chicxulub
crater
ekologi
Catatan fosil menunjukkan bahwa biasanya
diperlukan 5-100 juta tahun bagi
keanekaragaman makhluk hidup untuk pulih
setelah kepunahan massal
Kepunahan massal dapat membuka jalan bagi
radiasi adaptif
Predator genera
(percentage of marine genera)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Era
D
C
P
C
E
O S
J
Tr
Period
200
145
359
488 444 416
542
299 251
Time (millions of years ago)
Cenozoic
P
65.5
N
0
Adaptive Radiations
Radiasi adaptif (Adaptive radiation) adalah
Ancestral
mammal
Monotremes
(5 species)
ANCESTRAL
CYNODONT
Marsupials
(324 species)
Eutherians
(placental
mammals;
5,010 species)
250
200
100
150
Millions of years ago
50
Dubautia laxa
KAUAI
5.1
million
years
MOLOKAI
OAHU
3.7 LANAI
million
years
1.3
MAUI million
years
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
HAWAII
0.4
million
years
Dubautia waialealae
Dubautia scabra
Dubautia linearis
Dubautia waialealae
Dubautia laxa
Dubautia scabra
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
Dubautia linearis
Newborn
5
Age (years)
15
Adult
Chimpanzee fetus
Chimpanzee adult
Human fetus
Human adult
Chimpanzee infant
Chimpanzee adult
Gills
Evolusi Perkembangan
The tremendous increase in diversity during the
Hox gene 6
Hox gene 7
Hox gene 8
Ubx
Drosophila
Artemia
RESULTS
Uji Hipotesis A:
Adakah perbedaan pada sekuens pengkode
gen Pitx1 milik stickleback yang hidup di laut
dan di danau?
Uji Hipotesis B:
Adakah perbedaan dalam hal regulasi
ekspresi Pitx1?
hasil:
tidak
Hasilt:
Ya
Tampak dekat
mulut
Sel-sel
berpigmen
Sel-sel berpigmen
(fotoreseptor)
Epitelium
Serabut saraf
Serabut sarf
Kornea
Saraf optik
lapisan berpigmen
(retina)
Saraf optik
Optic nerve
TREN EVOLUSI
Mengambil satu progresi evolusi tunggal dari
Recent
(11,500 ya)
Equus
Pleistocene
(1.8 mya)
Pliocene
(5.3 mya)
Hipparion Neohipparion
Sinohippus
Megahippus
Callippus
Archaeohippus
Miocene
(23 mya)
Merychippus
Hypohippus
Anchitherium
Parahippus
Miohippus
Oligocene
(33.9 mya)
Mesohippus
Paleotherium
Epihippus
Propalaeotherium
Eocene
(55.8 mya)
Pachynolophus
Orohippus
Key
Hyracotherium
Grazers
Browsers
Miohippus
Oligocene
(33.9 mya)
Mesohippus
Paleotherium
Epihippus
Propalaeotherium
Eocene
(55.8 mya)
Pachynolophus
Orohippus
Key
Hyracotherium
Grazers
Browser
s
Recent
(11,500 ya)
Equus
Pleistocene
(1.8 mya)
Pliocene
(5.3 mya)
Hipparion Neohipparion
Sinohippus
Megahippus
Callippus
Archaeohippus
Miocene
(23 mya)
Merychippus
Anchitherium
Hypohippus
Parahippus
1.2 bya:
First multicellular eukaryotes
2.1 bya:
First eukaryotes (single-celled)
535525 mya:
Cambrian explosion
(great increase
in diversity of
animal forms)
500 mya:
Colonization
of land by
fungi, plants
and animals
500
Present
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000