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Instrumentalities
second-level outcomes
Outcome 1 outcome 1a
outcome 1b
Outcome 2 outcome 2a
outcome 2b
Contd.,
• The above model suggest that motivation leads to efforts and that
effort when combined with individual ability and environmental
factors result in performance.
• According to this model ,individual develop some sense of these
expectations before they exhibit motivated or non-motivated
behavior.
a) Valence: according to vroom valence means the strength of an
individual preference to a particular outcome. other terms equal to
valence used in various theories of motivation are incentive ,
attitude. in order for the valence to be positive for individual he
must prefer attending the outcome not attending it, a valence of
zero occurs when the individual is indifferent towards the outcome
and the valence is negative when the individual prefer not
attending the outcome to attaining it. Another major input into the
valence is the instrumentality of the first-level outcome in
obtaining second outcome.
b) Expectancy : this is different from instrumentality input into
valence. Expectancy is the probability that a particular action will
lead to a particular first level out come
Implications of the theory