SISTEM IMUN

HEWAN
Biologi Dasar 2. 2013

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Pendahulua
n

Barriers yg dimiliki hewan membantu hewan

mempertahankan dirinya thd berbagai
pathogens yg ditemuinya
The immune system mengenal benda asing
dan merespon dengan menghasilkan sel-sel
imun dan protein
Dua tipe pertahanan tubuh : imunitas bawaan
dan imunitas yg diperoleh

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 43-1

1.5 m

 Innate immunity ada sebelum bertemu

patogen dan efektif sejak lahir
Melibatkan respon non spesifik terhadap
patogen
Innate immunity terdiri atas barriers eksternal,
sel-sel di dalam tubuh dan senyawa kimia
pertahanan

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Acquired immunity atau imunitas adaptif,

berkembang setelah pemaparan thd zat asing
spt mikroba, toksin dan substansi asing lain
Umumnya melibatkan respon yg sangat
spesifik terhadap patogen
Baik vertebrata maupun avertebrata terhantung
pada respon imun bawaan
Vertebrata juga mengembangkan sistem imun
adaptif
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 43-2

Pathogens
(microorganisms
and viruses)

INNATE IMMUNITY
Recognition of traits
shared by broad ranges
of pathogens, using a
small set of receptors
Rapid response

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Recognition of traits
specific to particular
pathogens, using a vast
array of receptors
Slower response

Barrier defenses:
Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions
Internal defenses:
Phagocytic cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response
Natural killer cells
Humoral response:
Antibodies defend against
infection in body fluids.
Cell-mediated response:
Cytotoxic lymphocytes defend
against infection in body cells.

Immunitas bawaan pd
Avertebrata

Pd Arthropoda, exoskeleton dibuat dr chitin

membentuk barrier pertama thd pathogens
Sistem digestive jg protected oleh pH rendah dan
lysozyme, berisi enzyme yg mendigesti dinding
sel mikroba
Hemocytes yg bersirkulasi bersama within
hemolymph jg melakukan phagocytosis, menelan
dan mendigesti substansi asing, termasuk bakteri
Hematosit jg mensekret peptida anti mikroba yg
merusak membran plasma bakteri
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 43-3

Microbes

PHAGOCYTIC CELL

Vacuole
Lysosome
containing
enzymes

 Sistem imun mengenal bakteri dan jamur

melalui struktur dinding selnya
Suatu respon imun bervariasi dengan klas
patogen yg ditemui

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Innate Immunity of
Vertebrates
Sistem imun mamalia adl yg paling dipahami dr
vertebrata
Pertahanan bawaan meliputi barrier defenses,
phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides
Pertahanan tambahan adl unique to
vertebrates: the inflammatory response and
natural killer cells

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Barrier
Defenses
Barrier defenses meliputi the skin and mucous
membranes of the respiratory, urinary, dan
saluran reproductive
Mucus menangkap dan mengeluarkan mikroba
Banyak cairan tubuh meliputi saliva, mucus,
dan air mata jg untuk melawan microbes
The low pH of skin and the digestive system
prevents growth of microbes
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Sel darah putih menelan mikroba, lalu berfusi

dgn lisosom untuk merusak mikroba
Terdapat tipe berbeda dr sel fagositik :
Neutrophils engulf and destroy microbes
Macrophages are part of the lymphatic system
and are found throughout the body
Eosinophils discharge destructive enzymes
Dendritic cells stimulate development of
acquired immunity
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Antimicrobial Peptides and

Proteins
Peptides dan proteins berfungsi dalam
pertahanan bawaan dgn menyerang mikroba
langsung atau menghalangi reproduksinya
Protein Interferon menyediakan pertahanan
bawaan melawan virus dan membentu
mengaktifkan macrophages
Kira2 30 proteins menyusun complement
system, yg menyebabkan lisis sel-sel
penyusup dan membantu memicu peradangan
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Inflammatory
Responses
Bila ada luka, mast cells release histamine,
yg mempromosi perubahan pembuluh darah;
this is part of the inflammatory response
Perubahan ini menngkatkan suplai darah lokal
dan memungkinkan lebih banyak phagocytes
and antimicrobial proteins masuk jaringan
Pus, suatu cairan yg kaya sel darah putih,
dead microbes, and puing2 cell, accumulates
at the site of inflammation
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 43-8-3

Pathogen

Mast cell

Splinter

Chemical Macrophage
signals
Capillary

Red blood cells Phagocytic cell

Fluid
Phagocytosis

 Inflammation can be either local or systemic

(throughout the body)
Fever is a systemic inflammatory response
triggered by pyrogens released by
macrophages, and toxins from pathogens
Septic shock is a life-threatening condition
caused by suatu penyebaran inflammatory
response

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Imunitas
diperoleh

Sel darah putih lymphocytes, mengenal dan

merespon thd, foreign molecules
Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above the
heart are called T cells, and those that mature in
bone marrow are called B cells
Lymphocytes contribute to immunological memory,
suatu peningkatan respon thd molekul asing yg
telah ditemui sebelumnya
Cytokines are secreted by macrophages and
dendritic cells untuk menarik dan mengaktifkan
lymphocytes
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 B cells and T cells memp protein receptor yg

dapat mengikat molekul asing
Tiap individu lymphocyte terkhususkan untuk
mengenal molekul spesifik
Suatu antigen adl molekul asing yg dpt
membangkitkan respon suatu lymphocyte
A single B cell or T cell memiliki kira2 100,000
reseptor antigen yg identik

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 43-9

Antigenbinding
site

Antigenbinding site

Disulfide
bridge

Antigenbinding
site

Light
chain

Variable
regions

Constant
regions

Transmembrane
region
Plasma
membrane

Heavy chains

chain

chain

Disulfide bridge
B cell
(a) B cell receptor

Cytoplasm of B cell

Cytoplasm of T cell
(b) T cell receptor

T cell

 All antigen receptors on a single lymphocyte

recognize the same epitope, or antigenic
determinant, on an antigen
B cells give rise to plasma cells, which secrete
proteins called antibodies or
immunoglobulins

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 43-10

Antigenbinding
sites
Antigen-binding sites

Antibody A Antigen Antibody C

C
Antibody B

Epitopes
(antigenic
determinants)

 The first exposure to a specific antigen

represents the primary immune response
During this time, effector B cells called plasma
cells are generated, and T cells are activated
to their effector forms
In the secondary immune response, memory
cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response

Animation: Role of B Cells

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 43-15

Antibody concentration
(arbitrary units)

Primary immune response

to antigen A produces
antibodies to A.

Secondary immune response to

antigen A produces antibodies to A;
primary immune response to antigen
B produces antibodies to B.

104
103
Antibodies
to A

102

Antibodies
to B

101
100

Exposure
to antigen A

14

21

28

35

42

Exposure to
antigens A and B
Time (days)

49

56

Dua tipe imunitas

diperoleh
Acquired immunity has two branches: the
humoral immune response and the cellmediated immune response
Humoral immune response involves
activation and clonal selection of B cells,
resulting in production of secreted antibodies
Cell-mediated immune response involves
activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T
cells
Helper T cells aid both responses
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 43-16
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response

Cell-mediated immune response

Key

Antigen (1st exposure)

Gives rise to

Engulfed by
Antigenpresenting cell

Stimulates

B cell

Helper T cell

Cytotoxic T cell

Memory
Helper T cells

Antigen (2nd exposure)

Plasma cells

Memory B cells

Memory
Cytotoxic T cells

Active
Cytotoxic T cells

Secreted
antibodies
Defend against extracellular pathogens by binding to antigens,
thereby neutralizing pathogens or making them better targets
for phagocytes and complement proteins.

Defend against intracellular pathogens

and cancer by binding to and lysing the
infected cells or cancer cells.