BASIC COMPONENTS OF

CONTROL SYSTEMS
J U A N B L A N C O C A S T E L L N
D I N E L LY L A N D Z U RY G A L
MAILIN MRQUEZ PREZ
Z A RA S A N M A RT N LVA R E Z
B AY R O N V E R B E L D E L E N

5-2.3 Control Valve

Characteristics
If the valve is
closed

If the valve is fully

opened

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

The particular function relating the coefficient to the valve position is known as
the inherent valve characteristics.

For linear characteristics

For equal percentage characteristics

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

Valve Rangeability

The valve rangeability is the ratio of the maximun controlable flow to the
minimun controlable flow.
Another definition uses 90 and 10% valve positions.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

Installed Valve Characteristics

Assumptions:
1. The pressure drop in the line and equipment in series with the valve
varies with the square of the flow.
2. There is a total pressure drop that is independent of flow

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

Frictional pressure drop

Pressure drop across the valve

Where
f= flow through the valve and line , gpm
=constant friction coefficient for the line, fittings, equipment. Etc.,
= specific gravity of the liquid (water=1)

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS


Total
pressure drop

Solving for the flow in (6)

We divide (7) by (8)

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

EXAMPLE 5-2.4: Installed Flow

Characteristics of a Liquid Valve
For the valve of Example 5-2.3, find the maximun flow though the valve, the
installed flow characteristics, and the rangeability of the valve. Assume both
linear and equal percentage characteristics with a rangeability parameter of
50. Analyze the effect of varying the pressure drop across the valve at
nominal flow.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS


From
the example 5-2.3. The valve is an 8-in valve with
The line friction coefficient

The total pressure drop

The maximum flow

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

To obtain the valve rangeability

LINEAR CHARACTERISTICS

EQUAL PERCENTAGE
CHARACTERISTICS

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

10

Results for pressure drops across the valve of 2 psi, 5 psi and 10 psi
Valve pressure drop
(psi)
2
Total pressure drop
(psi)

Calculated Cvmax

960

Required valve size

LINEAR INHERENT CHARACTERISTICS

1
0.8

10

11

16

2 psi

0.6
flow, % of the maximum

5 psi
10 psi

0.4

Inherent

0.2

10-in

607
8-in

429

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

% valve position

8-in

Equal percentage characteristics with =50

Actual Cvmax
Maximum flow, gpm
Linear rangeability

1000
779
5.4

640
870
7.9

640

1
0.8

1049
7.9

2 psi

0.6
Flow, % of maximum

5 psi
10 psi

0.4

Inherent

0.2

Equal % rangeability

10.8

15.8

15.8

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

% valve position

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

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5-2.4 Control Valve Gain and

Transfer Function
(10)

Dependence of vp on m

If the valve fails closed (air-to-open) we use the plus sign (+)
If the valve fails open (air-to-close) we use the minus sign (-)

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

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Dependence of Cv on vp
For linear characteristics

For equal percentage

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

13

Dependence of f on Cv
Constant valve pressure drop

The gain of a valve with linear characteristics (replace 14, 12 and 11 in 10)
(15)

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

14


The
gain of a valve with equal percentage characteristics (replace 14, 13 and
11 in 10)
(16)

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

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Variable pressure Drop across the Valve

(17)
For the linear characteristics valve, the gain is obtanined by substituying
equations (11, 12 and 17)
(18)
For the equal percentage valve, the gain is obtanided by sustituying
equations 11, 13 and 17
(19)

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

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EXAMPLE 5-2.5: Gain of steam

valve with constant pressure
drop

Find
the gain and the valve position at design conditions for the steam valve
of Example 5-2.2. Assume that the 10-in. valve with =1000 is selected and
that the pressures around the valve are independent of flow. Consider both a
valve with linear characteristics and an equal percentage valve with
rangeability parameter of 50. For the latter, find the gain at the nominal flow
of 16,100 lb/h.
Solution
Assume valve fails closed to prevent overheating the reboiler.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

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The

valve position at design flow is found for:

The gain is obtained from:

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For
the equal percentage valve with =50, the valve position is calculated
using:

The gain is obtained using:

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

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EXAMPLE 5-2.6: Valve gain with

variable pressure drop.
Calculate

the gain of the valve in Example 5-2.4 at nominal flow. Consider

both a linear valve and an equal percentage valve with rangeability
parameter =50.
From Examples 5-2.3 and 5-2.4:

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Solution
Assume valve fails closed
In this case the gain is obtained by:

The gain of the equal percentage valve is obtained from:

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

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Valve transfer function

Resulting the following transfer function

Where,

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Thanks for your

atention!

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

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